Abstract
Abstract It is acknowledged that providing a safe water supply for all countries is one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. Egypt is one of the greatest countries affected in Africa and Middle East. The Nile is facing a major water shortage due to the limited water resources and the the demand is growing as a result high population growth and development in industrial and agricultural sectors. This paper has been motivated by the fact that there is no up-to-date literature review of the optimal operation of Water Resources. The analysis of the reviewed literature is structured along five broad branches: (1) Mathematical Optimization Modelling Studies, (2) Numerical Simulation Modelling Studies, (3) Geographical Information Systems “GIS” based Studies, (4) Ecological Studies, (5) Water Reuse Studies. This review is limited to surface water but groundwater has been inexplicitly included. The paper concludes the best way to identify knowledge to cover the gap between water supply and demands and to guide future researches on water resources planning and management.
Highlights
The world is facing intense and increasing challenges in preserving water quality,meeting the rapidly increasing water demands
The Optimization modeling (OM) is mainly used to (1) Find the best way to meet different objectives of reservoir system management [14], (2) Develop the hydrology tools of inferred analysis to be used for making at the scale of River Basin for the decision of water allocation [15], (3) Provide planning information, that is difficult to get by mixing surface water and groundwater, through the water system [16], (4) Study the groundwater management, its quantity and its salinity [13], (5) Study the efficiency of water use in irrigation management systems and water balance by using numerical models [17]
The results showed that water conjunctive is used to improve economic value and performances to expand conveyance facilities and models which motivate the surface water-integrated and systematic treatment, the facility, the water demand data the groundwater and identification of data problems, types of long-term value of analytical water resources [19]
Summary
The world is facing intense and increasing challenges in preserving water quality,meeting the rapidly increasing water demands. Many studies have been done all over the world on Optimal Operation of Water Resources on many watersheds and on the river Nile basin since 1981 until now. These studies are presented under different categories (Climate change studies, GIS modelling studies, Numerical and Simulation modelling studies, Optimization modelling studies and Ecological studies). Evaluated water quality of the Nile River branch of Damietta at Dakahlia and Damietta governorates [8] uses HadCM3 model predictions to investigate the effects of global warming on water resources in Saudi Arabia in 2050 and concluded that increasing temperature by (1.8–4.1) Co will lead to increase agricultural water demands by (5–15)% [9]. This review is limited to surface water including not explicitly method groundwater, Treated sewage water and Recycling of drainage water
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