Abstract
The recent acquisition of acoustic and geoacoustic data sets relevant to high-frequency bottom backscattering has made it possible to rigorously test models based on the composite roughness and Kirchhoff approximations. Examples will be given to show that these single scattering models have performed well within their expected regimes of validity and have helped improve our understanding of the relative importance of scattering from interface roughness and volume inhomogeneities. Some of the data show, however, that there are bottom types that do not fit within the idealizations of the simpler models. Single scattering approximations become increasingly suspect at small grazing angles, for very rough surfaces, and for volume scattering in soft sediments containing numerous buried scatterers. Improved models should incorporate multiple scattering, layering, and the fractal nature of the interface. [Work supported by ONT and NORDA.]
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