Modeling and Mutagenesis of the Binding Site of Calhex 231, a Novel Negative Allosteric Modulator of the Extracellular Ca2+-sensing Receptor

Abstract

A model of the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) seven transmembrane domains was constructed based on the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin. This model was used for docking (1S,2S,1'R)-N1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-N2-[1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl]-1,2-diaminocyclohexane (Calhex 231), a novel potent negative allosteric modulator that blocks (IC50 = 0.39 microm) increases in [3H]inositol phosphates elicited by activating the human wild-type CaSR transiently expressed in HEK293 cells. In this model, Glu-8377.39 plays a pivotal role in anchoring the two nitrogen atoms of Calhex 231 and locating the aromatic moieties in two adjacent hydrophobic pockets delineated by transmembrane domains 3, 5, and 6 and transmembrane domains 1, 2, 3, and 7, respectively. To demonstrate its validity, we have mutated selected residues and analyzed the biochemical and pharmacological properties of the mutant receptors transfected in HEK293 cells. Two receptor mutations, F684A3.32 and E837A7.39, caused a loss of the ability of Calhex 231 to inhibit Ca2+-induced accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphates. Three other mutations, F688A3.36, W818A6.48, and I841A7.43, produced a marked increase in the IC50 of Calhex 231 for the Ca2+ response, whereas L776A5.42 and F821A6.51 led to a decrease in the IC50. Our data validate the proposed model for the allosteric interaction of Calhex 231 with the seven transmembrane domains of the CaSR. Interestingly, the residues at the same positions have been shown to delimit the antagonist-binding cavity of many diverse G-protein-coupled receptors. This study furthermore suggests that the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin exhibits sufficient mimicry to the ground state of a very divergent class 3 receptor to predict the interaction of antagonists with the heptahelical bundle of diverse G-protein-coupled receptors.