Abstract
The state of a water molecule in liquid water is defined by its time-average network environment. Two states are characterized. State A is the familiar four-coordinated state of the Bernal-Fowler model with tetrahedral hydrogen bonds. State B is five-coordinated. Reexamination of the static dielectric constant by the method of Oster and Kirkwood confirms the marked polar character of the four-coordinated state but shows that the five-coordinated state is only about half as polar. Explicit five-coordinated models are proposed which are consistent with polarity and satisfy constraints of symmetry and hydrogen-bond stoichiometry. The potential energy due to the dipole-dipole interaction of the central water molecule with its time-average solvent network is derived without additional parameters. This permits prediction of barriers to rotation, frequencies for hindered rotation and liberation in the network, and ..delta..H/sub A,B/ and ..delta..S/sub A,B/. The results are in substantial agreement with relevant experiments. In particular, the barriers to rotation permit a consistent interpretation of the dielectric relaxation spectrum. The relative importance of the two states varies predictably with the property being examined, and this can account for some of the schizophrenia of aqueous properties. Since the two-state model is based on time-average network configurations, it does not applymore » when the time scale of observation is short compared to network frequencies, i.e., at infrared frequencies where continuum models may be successful.« less
Published Version
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