Abstract
The cross-sectional geometry of a rail is complex, and numerous guided wave modes can be propagated in rails. In order to select a mode which is the most suitable for detecting a specific crack on a rail, a mathematical model of guided wave mode selection is constructed. The model is composed of a modal vibration factor and a modal orthogonal factor. By setting a reasonable vibration coefficient and orthogonal coefficient, the mode with the highest sensitivity to cracks is selected for crack detection. Taking a vertical crack on the rail bottom as an example, mode 1 at a frequency of 60 kHz is selected as the most suitable detection mode. At the same time, mode 7 and mode 11 are selected as comparative modes, and these three modes are simulated to detect rail cracks. Among them, mode 1 is the best, which verifies the correctness of the mode selection model. In addition, vertical cracks are manufactured artificially on the side of the rail bottom. The cracks are successfully detected by mode 1, and the positioning error is 0.07 m. After correction, the error is reduced to 0.02 m. The model can effectively select guided wave modes suitable for detecting arbitrary cracks on rails, which provides a theoretical solution for rail crack detection.
Highlights
Ultrasonic guided waves are widely used in rail integrity detection because of the advantages of long transmission distance and wide coverage [1,2,3]. e rail cross-sectional geometry is complex
The cross-sectional geometry of rail is complex, so there are many guided wave modes that can be propagated along the rail. erefore, for cracks in different locations and directions, the first prerequisite is to select a suitable mode and frequency to detect the corresponding cracks
Crack detection mostly focuses on cracks in the upper part of the rail and usually chooses the mode by observing the mode shapes at the same frequency and analyzing the guided wave dispersion curves qualitatively. ere is no further distinction between the trends of the crack
Summary
Ultrasonic guided waves are widely used in rail integrity detection because of the advantages of long transmission distance and wide coverage [1,2,3]. e rail cross-sectional geometry is complex. Erefore, rail defect detection needs to be analyzed under high-frequency conditions Traditional analytical methods, such as the method of establishing multiple complex equations, cannot analyze the propagation regularity of ultrasonic guided waves in rails. For this reason, Gavric [4] introduced the numerical method and proposed the semianalytical finite element (SAFE) method for the first time. E energy distribution regularity of each mode propagating in the rail was obtained, and the appropriate frequencies and modes were selected to detect the transverse cracks of the rail head, which guided. E distribution of strain energy of some specific modes at 200 kHz frequency was solved, and suitable modes for detecting defects in different areas of the rail head were obtained. The research of mechanical vibration monitoring system [13] will be added, and wireless sensor network will be established to realize the real-time monitoring of rail defects
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