Abstract
Bile acids act as signaling molecules that can stimulate nuclear farnesoid X receptor and G-protein–coupled TGR5 receptors to regulate lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. TGR5 receptors are expressed in several tissues and shown to regulate energy. Recent studies in enteroendocrine cells have shown that activation of Gs-coupled bile acid receptor TGR5 causes release of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and peptide YY (PYY). GLP-1 causes insulin production and secretion from pancreatic β cells and improves glucose homeostasis.
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