Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Accelerated Cancer Specific Porphyrin Accumulation to Enhance Photodynamic Therapeutic Effect in Gastric Epithelial Cells

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy is useful for the treatment of cancer because it is minimally invasive for patients. Certain porphyrin compounds and their derivatives have been used as the photosensitizer because they accumulate specifically in cancerous tissues. However, the detailed mechanism of this phenomenon has not been clarified. We previously reported that a proton-coupled folate transporter, HCP1, transported porphyrins and that regulation of the protein was associated with cancer-specific reactive oxygen species from mitochondria (mitROS) (Hiyama K et al. J PorphPhtal. 2013; 17: 36–43). Therefore, over-generation of mitROS could increase HCP1 expression and the effect of photodynamic therapy. We investigated whether pretreatment with indomethacin influenced photodynamic therapy by using a rat normal gastric mucosal cell line, RGM1, its cancer-like mutated cell line, RGK1, and a manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)-overexpressed RGK cell line, RGK-MnSOD. Indomethacin promotes the generation of cellular mitROS by inhibiting the electron transport chain, and MnSOD scavenges the mitROS. We elucidated that hyperthemia enhanced cancer-specific mitROS generation and increased HCP1 expression. Furthermore, RGK1 cells showed higher cellular incorporation of hemato-porphyrin and better therapeutic effect with indomethacin treatment whereas RGK-MnSOD cells did not show a difference. Thus, we concluded that hyperthermia improved the effect of photodynamic therapy by inducing increased mitROS generation in cancer cells.