Mitochondria DNA deletions in atherosclerotic hypoperfused brain microvessels as a primary target for the development of Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

The pathogenesis, which is primarily responsible for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), seems to involve chronic hypoperfusion. The role of hypoperfusion, as a key factor for vascular lesions that causes oxidative stress, appears to be widely accepted as an initiator of AD. Specifically, accumulated oxidative stress increases vascular endothelial permeability and promotes leukocyte adhesions, which is coupled with alterations in endothelial signal transduction and redox-regulated transcription factors. Based on these recent findings, we hypothesize that the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which hypoperfusion-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation impairs endothelial barrier function and promotes leukocyte adhesion induces alterations in normal vascular function and results in the development of AD. We are theorizing that mitochondria play a key role in the generation of ROS, resulting in oxidative damage to neuronal cell bodies, as well as other cellular compartment in the AD brain. All of these changes have been found to accompany AD pathology. We have studied the ultrastructural features of vascular lesions and mitochondria in brain vascular wall cells from human AD, yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) and C57B6/SJL transgenic positive (Tg+) mice overexpressing amyloid β precursor protein (AβPP). In situ hybridization using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) probes for human wild and 5 kb deleted types and mouse types was performed along with immunocytochemistry using antibodies against amyloid precursor protein (APP), 8-hydroxy-2′-guanosine (8-OHG) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX). There was a higher degree of amyloid deposition, overexpression of oxidative stress markers, mitochondria DNA deletion and mitochondrial structural abnormality in the vascular walls of the human AD, YAC and C57B6/SJL Tg (+) mice compared to age-matched controls. Therefore, selective pharmacological intervention, directed for abolishing the chronic hypoperfusion state, would possibly change the natural course of development of dementing neurodegeneration.