Abstract
Configurations of photovoltaic (PV) modules, such as series-parallel (SP), bridge-linked (BL), and total cross-tied (TCT) configurations, always utilize a number of connecting switches. In a simulation, the ideal switch with no loss is used to optimize the reconfiguration method for a solar PV array. However, in practice, the switches are non-ideal, causing losses and resulting in a decrease in the total output power of the PV array. In this work, MATLAB/Simulink (R2016a) was employed to simulate nine PV modules linked in a 3 × 3 array, and they were reconfigured using series-parallel (SP), bridge-linked (BL), and total cross-tied (TCT) configurations for both ideal and non-ideal switch cases. It was not surprising that non-ideal switches deteriorated the output power compared with ideal cases. Then, the minimization of losses (ML) configuration was proposed by minimizing the number of switches to give the highest output power. A 5% higher power output was set as the criterion to reconfigure the PV modules when partial shading occurred. The results showed that if 50% or more of the area was partially shaded, reconfiguration was unnecessary. On the other hand, when the shaded area was less than 50%, reconfiguration gave a significant increase in power. Finally, the ML method had different configurations for various shading patterns, and provided better results than those of the TCT method.
Highlights
IntroductionThe consumption of electrical energy is rapidly increasing, while the fossil fuel used for electricity generation is limited
At present, electrical energy is vital for various human activities
The was carried out byinMATLAB/Simulink using the SP, BL, total cross-tied (TCT) configurations and eightsimulation types of shading as shown switches for reconfiguring were In Case
Summary
The consumption of electrical energy is rapidly increasing, while the fossil fuel used for electricity generation is limited. The emissions from fossil fuel cause environmental problems. Renewable energy, such as hydro energy, solar energy, and wind energy, which is clean and has no resource cost, is widely promoted for electricity generation. The solar energy can be utilized for electrical generation and thermal applications [2]. To generate electricity, solar photovoltaic (PV) panels transform solar energy into direct current electricity. The PV material is composed of a semiconductor that uses solar energy to stimulate an electron transfer reaction in order to generate electricity [3]. There are no emissions during the electricity generation
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