Abstract
The greenhouse gases and air pollution generated by extensive energy use have exacerbated climate change. Electric-bus (e-bus) transportation systems help reduce pollution and carbon emissions. This study analyzed the minimization of construction costs for an all battery-swapping public e-bus transportation system. A simulation was conducted according to existing timetables and routes. Daytime charging was incorporated during the hours of operation; the two parameters of the daytime charging scheme were the residual battery capacity and battery-charging energy during various intervals of daytime peak electricity hours. The parameters were optimized using three algorithms: particle swarm optimization (PSO), a genetic algorithm (GA), and a PSO–GA. This study observed the effects of optimization on cost changes (e.g., number of e-buses, on-board battery capacity, number of extra batteries, charging facilities, and energy consumption) and compared the plug-in and battery-swapping e-bus systems. The results revealed that daytime charging can reduce the construction costs of both systems. In contrast to the other two algorithms, the PSO–GA yielded the most favorable optimization results for the charging scheme. Finally, according to the cases investigated and the parameters of this study, the construction cost of the plug-in e-bus system was shown to be lower than that of the battery-swapping e-bus system.
Highlights
Global warming and climate change have led to extreme changes in weather conditions in recent years
This study investigated the cost of e-bus construction to the public bus transportation system in the Penghu Islands
The minimum construction cost for establishing an e-bus system in Penghu was examined through optimization with the genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and PSO–GA algorithms
Summary
Global warming and climate change have led to extreme changes in weather conditions in recent years. The rapid growth of human activities has accelerated the depletion of traditional petrochemical energy sources, resulting in severe ecological, environmental, and economic threats and impacts. Numerous countries have actively implemented countermeasures against local greenhouse gas emissions [1,2,3]. Green policies should be actively promoted to create sustainable employment opportunities, implement environmental sustainability, and establish a low-carbon society with a low-carbon economy as the goal. The Penghu Islands (23◦ 330 N, 119◦ 350 E) are located in the Taiwan Strait, approximately 44 km west of Taiwan. The Penghu Low Carbon Island Project began in 2011 with the aim to transform the archipelago through eight dimensions, namely renewable energy, energy conservation, green transportation, low-carbon construction, resource recycling, environmental greening, low-carbon
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