Abstract
AbstractMagnetism‐based systems are widely utilized for sensing and imaging biological phenomena, for example, the activity of the brain and the heart. Magnetomyography (MMG) is the study of muscle function through the inquiry of the magnetic signal that a muscle generates when contracted. Within the last few decades, extensive effort has been invested to identify, characterize and quantify the magnetomyogram signals. However, it is still far from a miniaturized, sensitive, inexpensive and low‐power MMG sensor. Herein, the state‐of‐the‐art magnetic sensing technologies that have the potential to realize a low‐profile implantable MMG sensor are described. The technical challenges associated with the detection of the MMG signals, including the magnetic field of the Earth and movement artifacts are also discussed. Then, the development of efficient magnetic technologies, which enable sensing pico‐Tesla signals, is advocated to revitalize the MMG technique. To conclude, spintronic‐based magnetoresistive sensing can be an appropriate technology for miniaturized wearable and implantable MMG systems.
Highlights
Most biomagnetic sensing studies take place in magnetically shielded rooms
In a seminal work of Cohen and Gilver in 1972, they discovered and recorded MMG signals using superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). They led the development of MMG until now since it is the most sensitive device at moment with the femto-Tesla limit of detection (LOD), and possibly achieve atto-Tesla LOD with averaging.[19]
The magnetic field produced by an action potential that travels in a single muscle fiber can be calculated using the approach developed by Roth and Wikswo in 1985.[32]. Their method presents the advantage of using the Ampere's law, which allows disentangling the contributions to the magnetic field due to the currents present in each region of the system including the fibers, the bundle, the sheath of connective tissue and the bath
Summary
Most biomagnetic sensing studies take place in magnetically shielded rooms. Over the past four decades, the fidelity, Magnetomyography is the measurement and study of the mag- temporal, and spatial resolution of macroscopic and noninvasive netic manifestation of muscle activity, first formally proposed in detection of biomagnetic signals have progressed significantly. They led the development of MMG until now since it is the most sensitive device at moment with the femto-Tesla limit of detection (LOD), and possibly achieve atto-Tesla LOD with averaging.[19] The state-of-the-art MMG measurement is dominated by SQUIDs.[20] their ultra-high cost and cumbersome weight limit the spread of this magnetic. We posit that addressing these technical challenges and development of novel MMG sensing methods can facilitate a scientific revolution by providing additional details about the mechanics of the skeletal muscles They can feature a breakthrough in human-machine interfacing applications such as control of prosthetic limbs.[28]
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