Mineralogical and Geochemical Characteristics of the Deeply Buried Wufeng–Longmaxi Shale in the Southern Sichuan Basin, China: Implications for Provenance and Tectonic Setting

Abstract

Uncertain provenance and tectonic setting of shale has constrained the exploration and exploitation of natural gas in the Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin, China. Therefore, this study analyzed the mineral petrology and geochemistry to assess the effects of sorting, recycling, weathering, and paleoclimate on the deeply buried shale. The findings revealed that the mineral composition is dominated by biogenic quartz, terrigenous clay minerals, and carbonate minerals. Combinations of clay lamina and silty lamina occur in black shale. The geochemical characteristics of these sedimentary rocks remain unaffected by sedimentary sorting and recycling processes. The clastic sediments primarily originate from the felsic igneous rock source that underwent moderate weathering during its initial deposition in the collision environment. Based on the comprehensive analysis of the paleoclimate and paleoprovenance characteristics, Wufeng–Longmaxi Formation characteristics are considered to have undergone six stages, among which the stage of relative enrichment of organic matter corresponds to LM1, LM2–3, and LM4. Following the Hirnantian glacial period, the era has witnessed global warming, marked by glacier melting, a rise in global sea level, and a decrease in terrestrial debris supply, collectively facilitating organic matter enrichment. During the LM5 and LM6–8 periods, the increase in source supply caused by the Leshan–Longnvsi and Qianzhong–Xuefeng uplift inhibited organic matter enrichment.