Mineralogic Composition and Diagenesis of Tertiary Sandstones along Texas Gulf Coast: ABSTRACT

Abstract

The upper Gulf Coast Wilcox Formation is composed dominantly of quartz with feldspar, metamorphic and volcanic rock fragments, and mud clasts. The lower Gulf Coast Wilcox Formation contains more quartz and volcanic rock fragments. Lower Gulf Coast Yegua and Jackson Formations are composed of quartz, volcanic, and lesser carbonate rock fragments. Northward they become more quartz-rich and contain metamorphic rock fragments and mud clasts. Lower Gulf Coast Frio and Vicksburg Formations are similar to the Yegua and Jackson. Northward, they become more quartz-rich, but carbonate rock fragments are absent. Despite variations in composition, Tertiary sandstones exhibit a similar diagenetic sequence idealized as follows. Surface to shallow subsurface diagenesis (0 to 4,000 ft; 1,200 m) begins with pedogenic clay coats and with leaching and calcite replacement of feldspar. Minor kaolinite, feldspar overgrowths, and iron-rich carbonate material are also precipitated. Porosity is commonly reduced by compaction from the original 40% to less than 30%. Moderate subsurface diagenesis (4,000 to 11,000 ft; 1,200 to 3,300 m) involves leaching of early carbonate cements and subsequent cementation by quartz overgrowths and later carbonate cement. These stages commonly reduce porosity to 10% or less, but this trend may be reversed by late leaching of feldspar, rock fragments, and carbonate cements. Restoration of porosity to more than 30% can occur, but this may be reduced by late cementation by kaolinite and iron-rich dolomite and ankerite. Deep subsurface diagenesis (11,000 ft; 3,300 m) is a continuation of late iron-rich carbonate cements. End_of_Article - Last_Page 440------------