Mineral nutrition and bone health in salmonids

Grete Baeverfjord,Vegard Denstadli,Rune Waagbø,Marc H.G Berntssen,P Antony Jesu Prabhu,Elisabeth Ytteborg,Torbjørn Åsgård,Erik‐Jan Lock,Sissel Albrektsen,Bjarne Hatlen,Per Gunnar Fjelldal,Anne‐Katrine Lundebye,Harald Takle

doi:10.1111/raq.12255

Grete Baeverfjord, Vegard Denstadli + Show 11 more

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https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12255

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Abstract

AbstractIn the recent years, challenges faced in salmonid farming with regard to deformities have helped to improve our knowledge on skeletal biology and development of bone health in salmonids. Different nutritional, genetic and environmental factors are associated with skeletal deformities in salmonids and other fish species. Minerals are a group of essential nutrients having a vital role to play in skeletal development, growth and remodelling. The knowledge generated thus far on the structural and functional importance of minerals in salmonid bone health is largely restricted to phosphorus. A brief account of dietary phosphorus‐related bone deformities encountered in salmonids, critical life stages for the development of bone deformities, recent developments in the understanding of their aetiology and dietary phosphorus levels required to improve bone health are presented. The effect of increased dietary level of phosphorus in reducing bone health disorders under conditions of improved feed conversion efficiency and use of triploids in salmon farming are illustrated with help of metadata analysis from literature. With regard to the role of other essential minerals (macro‐ and micro‐) impacting bone health in salmonids, data available are extremely limited and hence information on other fish species and mammals is summarized in relation to bone development and incidence of deformities. The need to improve mineral bioavailability, utilization and reduce effluent mineral load is presented in brief with example from Norwegian salmon farming. Refinements in mineral requirement recommendations for salmonids and advanced methodologies for studying aetiology of skeletal anomalies, bone mineral status, skeletal development and deformities are also discussed.

Highlights

Salmonids are an important group of farmed fish
It is indispensable to realize that dietary nutrient levels required by fish will be altered with the dynamic changes occurring in feed composition, genetic improvement of stock, fastgrowing transgenic varieties, etc
Lall and Lewis-McCrea (2007) suggested that attempts to characterize skeletal deformities in fish will be adversely affected by limited consideration for nutrient deficiencies

Summary

Introduction

Salmonids are an important group of farmed fish. The two major species of aquaculture importance are Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The first feeding and early juvenile stages of Atlantic salmon (from 0.18 to 20 g body weight) were sensitive to dietary P restriction, with consequent adverse effects on vertebral and jaw development observed in harvest size fish (Figs 1 and 2, Baeverfjord et al 2006). Besides reducing bone mineral content, low dietary P has shown to increase alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and reduce TRACP enzyme activities, and reduce the MMP 13 mRNA expression of the vertebral bodies in Atlantic salmon (Fjelldal et al 2012b). This probably reflects compensatory mechanisms at mineral deficiency where increased ALP activity indicates elevated mineralization while reduced TRACP activity and MMP 13 expression indicate reduced tissue degradation and remodelling. SW transfer and harvest Atlantic salmon, smolt stage (SW transfer) Atlantic salmon, smolt stage (SW transfer) and harvest Atlantic salmon, harvest

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