Abstract
<sec><title>OBJECTIVE</title>To summarise the available literature regarding clinical presentation, immunological and microbiological diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of miliary TB in children and adolescents.</sec><sec><title>METHODS</title>Four databases were searched from 1 January 1950 to 31 January 2023. "Miliary" and "disseminated" TB were the main search concepts.</sec><sec><title>FINDINGS</title>Of 257 studies, 1,883 patients with miliary TB were included. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination was confirmed in 223/549 (40.6%) children. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement was reported in 367/924 (39.7%) cases; many of them had no neurological symptoms despite also having abnormal brain imaging. Of 1,112 children with known outcomes, 341 (30.6%) died; mortality was higher in publications before 1995 (41.5%) and in children with CNS involvement (31.9%). TB microbiological confirmation (55.8%) and sensitivity of tuberculin skin test (46.9%) and QuantiFERON Gold (72.4%) were overall low.</sec><sec><title>CONCLUSIONS</title>Evidence is lacking to support best practices for paediatric miliary TB. Whether lumbar puncture (LP) and brain imaging should both be routinely done in miliary TB children, or a step-by-step approach based on initial LP findings, remains unclear. This study should inform policymakers and funding agencies about current significant gaps that need to be addressed by future high-quality studies.</sec>.
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Schedule a callMore From: The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
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