Abstract
The urge of captive birds to migrate manifests itself in seasonally occurring restlessness, termed “Zugunruhe.” Key insights into migration and an endogenous basis of behavior are based on Zugunruhe of migrants but have scarcely been tested in nonmigratory birds. We recorded Zugunruhe of African stonechats, small passerine birds that defend year-round territories and have diverged from northern migrants at least 1 million years ago. We demonstrate that Zugunruhe is a regular feature of their endogenous program, one that is precisely timed by photoperiod. These results extend ideas of programs for periodic movement to include nonmigratory birds. Such programs could be activated when movements become necessary, in line with observed fast changes and high flexibility of migration. Attention to Zugunruhe of resident birds promises new insights into diverse and dynamic migration systems and enhances predictions of avian responses to global change.
Highlights
Zugunruhe, the urge of captive birds to migrate, manifests itself in seasonally occurring restlessness
The fact that Zugunruhe develops spontaneously in time for migration led to the discovery of circannual programs in birds [1,4,5]. These endogenous programs are specific to migrant populations: amount and directionality of Zugunruhe in orientation cages corresponded in some cases roughly to migratory route and direction, possibly explaining the journeys of naive birds [4,5,6,7,8,9]
Stonechats migrate at night, so Zugunruhe can be conveniently measured as nocturnal activity [6,15,25]
Summary
The urge of captive birds to migrate, manifests itself in seasonally occurring restlessness. Studies of Zugunruhe [1,2,3,4,5,6] in migrant birds have contributed substantially to our understanding of the endogenous basis of migratory behavior. Stonechats migrate at night, so Zugunruhe can be conveniently measured as nocturnal activity [6,15,25]. We predicted that African stonechats display no Zugunruhe and possess no migratory time programs.
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