Abstract
BackgroundIndividually both migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence estimates are higher among women. However, there is limited data on the association of migraine and PTSD in women during pregnancy.MethodsWe examined the association between migraine and PTSD among women attending prenatal clinics in Peru. Migraine was characterized using the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)-III beta criteria. PTSD was assessed using the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) after adjusting for confounders.ResultsOf the 2922 pregnant women included, 33.5% fulfilled criteria for any migraine (migraine 12.5%; probable migraine 21.0%) and 37.4% fulfilled PTSD criteria. Even when controlling for depression, women with any migraine had almost a 2-fold increased odds of PTSD (OR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.64–2.37) as compared to women without migraine. Specifically, women with migraine alone (i.e. excluding probable migraine) had a 2.85-fold increased odds of PTSD (95% CI: 2.18–3.74), and women with probable migraine alone had a 1.61-fold increased odds of PTSD (95% CI: 1.30–1.99) as compared to those without migraine, even after controlling for depression. In those women with both migraine and comorbid depression, the odds of PTSD in all migraine categories were even further increased as compared to those women without migraine.ConclusionIn a cohort of pregnant women, irrespective of the presence or absence of depression, the odds of PTSD is increased in those with migraine. Our findings suggest the importance of screening for PTSD, specifically in pregnant women with migraine.
Highlights
Both migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence estimates are higher among women
Further there is little evidence for the association between migraine and PTSD in women from low income countries or the impact of depression on this association. To fill in these gaps in the literature, we examined the association between migraine and PTSD among a cohort of pregnant women in Lima, Peru
Participants with PTSD were less likely to identify as Mestizo and were more likely to have difficulties paying for the basics, have difficulties paying for medical care, have a history of lifetime intimate partner violence, and suffer from depression than those without a PTSD diagnosis (Additional file 1: Table S1)
Summary
Both migraine and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) prevalence estimates are higher among women. Migraine during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of depression [17, 18] and suicidal ideation [19]. Both migraine and PTSD are more prevalent in reproductive-aged women as compared to men [2, 3]. Increasing data supports an association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and migraine in U.S cohorts [3, 20, 21], no prior study has examined the risk
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