Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by the improper disposal of pharmaceuticals is a matter of global concern, and warrants immediate attention. Of particular concern is the aquatic contamination caused by the increasing use of antibiotics, which could give rise to superbugs. While researchers have mainly focused on improving the adsorption capacity of mostly activated carbon-based adsorbents, we have developed a non-conventional adsorbent (SiC nanoparticles) in the present work for the adsorptive removal of four different nitroimidazole antibiotics, namely metronidazole (MNZ), dimetridazole (DMZ), ronidazole (RNZ), and tinidazole (TNZ). In addition to the unique properties which are inherent to SiC, the present adsorbent not only possesses a high adsorption capacity, but also shows one of the highest adsorption rates; both of which are prerequisites for an efficient and cost-effective adsorption-based separation technology. Silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles, synthesized by a microwave-assisted method, were thoroughly characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. The adsorption isotherm data were accurately described by the Langmuir isotherm model. On the other hand, the adsorption kinetics, closely represented by the pseudo-second order kinetic model, were faster than most previously reported adsorbents. The reaction rate constants were 0.0089, 0.0079, 0.0072, and 0.0055 g/(mg min), for MNZ, DMZ, RNZ, and TNZ, respectively.
Highlights
Antibiotics have increasingly been applied in the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of bacterial infections
We focus our attention on the widely used nitroimidazoles antibiotics, which possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, and are commonly prescribed for treating infections caused by protozoans and anaerobic bacteria, such as Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis [5,6]
Rigorous kinetic and equilibrium studies were carried out for the adsorption of nitroimidazole from aqueous solutions onto the Silicon carbide (SiC) NPs synthesized in the present study
Summary
Antibiotics have increasingly been applied in the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of bacterial infections Their occurrence in the aquatic environment is an emerging environmental problem, which is mostly caused by the effluents of pharmaceutical industries and hospitals, in addition to veterinary and human medication uses [1,2]. 30%–90% of antibiotics administered remain un-degraded in the human or animal body, and are largely excreted as an active compound [3,4]. This is a matter of grave concern, as the prevalence of antibiotics in the natural environment can give rise to superbugs, which are drug-resistant bacteria.
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