Abstract
Microwave physics is an important line of research, combining many fields in radiophysics. Along with the development of methods for generation, amplification, and processing of electromagnetic waves, it initiated practical development and fabrication of artificial media of new type—metamaterials with a negative refractive index. A ray refracted at a boundary of such a medium, in contrast to refraction in conventional materials, lies at the same side of the normal as the incident ray. Metamaterials with negative refraction find application, in particular, in design of antennas, waveguides, and lenses of new type. They also make it possible to transform real objects into invisible ones. They add unusual properties to open cavities: if a layer of a medium with negative refraction is placed between plane mirrors, localized waveguide modes can be excited. Surface waves propagating along the interface between an anisotropic metamaterial and vacuum acquire new dispersion properties. In multiferroics, possessing simultaneously ferromagnetic and ferroelectric properties, specific magnetoelectric effects arise. It is noteworthy that metamaterials based on nanostructured elements have already been developed in the optical range.
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