Microstructures and Grain Refinement of Additive-Manufactured Ti-xW Alloys

Michael Y Mendoza,Peter C Collins,David A Brice,Brian W Martin,Peyman Samimi,Matt R Rolchigo,Richard Lesar

doi:10.1007/s11661-017-4117-7

Michael Y Mendoza, Peter C Collins + Show 5 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-017-4117-7

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Abstract

It is necessary to better understand the composition–processing–microstructure relationships that exist for materials produced by additive manufacturing. To this end, Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS™), a type of additive manufacturing, was used to produce a compositionally graded titanium binary model alloy system (Ti-xW specimen (0 ≤ x ≤ 30 wt pct), so that relationships could be made between composition, processing, and the prior beta grain size. Importantly, the thermophysical properties of the Ti-xW, specifically its supercooling parameter (P) and growth restriction factor (Q), are such that grain refinement is expected and was observed. The systematic, combinatorial study of this binary system provides an opportunity to assess the mechanisms by which grain refinement occurs in Ti-based alloys in general, and for additive manufacturing in particular. The operating mechanisms that govern the relationship between composition and grain size are interpreted using a model originally developed for aluminum and magnesium alloys and subsequently applied for titanium alloys. The prior beta grain factor observed and the interpretations of their correlations indicate that tungsten is a good grain refiner and such models are valid to explain the grain-refinement process. By extension, other binary elements or higher order alloy systems with similar thermophysical properties should exhibit similar grain refinement.

Highlights

THE high level of interest in additive manufacturing (i.e., 3D printing) has made it necessary to develop process–composition–microstructure and composition–microstructure–property relationships[1,2,3] for a variety of metallic alloys deposited using additive manufacturing techniques
To develop the aforementioned relationships, it is necessary to understand at a minimum, and predict if possible, microstructural attributes including grain size, composition fluctuations, unmelted particles, grain orientation/ crystal texture, and any spatial variations in these features
The additive manufacturing of metallic structures is fundamentally a melting and solidification problem, albeit one that often deviates from equilibrium processing and one for which composition may fluctuate from the intended composition

Summary

Introduction

THE high level of interest in additive manufacturing (i.e., 3D printing) has made it necessary to develop process–composition–microstructure and composition–microstructure–property relationships[1,2,3] for a variety of metallic alloys deposited using additive manufacturing techniques This need, concurrently, has led to a number of research activities and publications on additive manufacturing, with common microstructural features observed, including (depending upon the processing parameters) large columnar grains,[4] compositional fluctuations,[3] unmelted particles or other anomalies,[5] zigzag grains,[6] and Manuscript submitted January 14, 2017. 3594—VOLUME 48A, JULY 2017 columnar-to-equiaxed transitions (CETs).[7] To develop the aforementioned relationships, it is necessary to understand at a minimum, and predict if possible, microstructural attributes including grain size, composition fluctuations, unmelted particles, grain orientation/ crystal texture, and any spatial variations in these features.

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