Abstract
Abstract. The Main Fault in the shaly facies of Opalinus Clay is a small reverse fault formed in slightly overconsolidated claystone at around 1 km depth. The fault zone is up to 6 m wide, with micron-thick shear zones, calcite and celestite veins, scaly clay and clay gouge. Scaly clay occurs in up to 1.5 m wide lenses, providing hand specimens for this study. We mapped the scaly clay fabric at 1 m–10 nm scale, examining scaly clay for the first time using broad-ion beam polishing combined with scanning electron microscopy (BIB-SEM). Results show a network of thin shear zones and microveins, separating angular to lensoid microlithons between 10 cm and 10 µm in diameter, with slickensided surfaces. Our results show that microlithons are only weakly deformed and that strain is accumulated by fragmentation of microlithons by newly formed shear zones, by shearing in the micron-thick zones and by rearrangement of the microlithons.The scaly clay aggregates can be easily disintegrated into individual microlithons because of the very low tensile strength of the thin shear zones. Analyses of the microlithon size by sieving indicate a power-law distribution model with exponents just above 2. From this, we estimate that only 1 vol % of the scaly clay aggregate is in the shear zones.After a literature review of the hypotheses for scaly clay generation, we present a new model to explain the progressive formation of a self-similar network of anastomosing thin shear zones in a fault relay. The relay provides the necessary boundary conditions for macroscopically continuous deformation. Localization of strain in thin shear zones which are locally dilatant, and precipitation of calcite veins in dilatant shear fractures, evolve into complex microscale re-partitioning of shear, forming new shear zones while the microlithons remain much less deformed internally and the volume proportion of the µm-thick shear zones slowly increases. Grain-scale deformation mechanisms are microfracturing, boudinage and rotation of mica grains, pressure solution of carbonate fossils and pore collapse during ductile flow of the clay matrix. This study provides a microphysical basis to relate microstructures to macroscopic observations of strength and permeability of the Main Fault, and extrapolating fault properties in long-term deformation.
Highlights
Clay is an enigmatic soft rock with important differences in rheological and hydrological behaviour compared to its more competent protolith
We mapped the scaly clay fabric at 1 m–10 nm scale, examining scaly clay for the first time using broad-ion beam polishing combined with scanning electron microscopy (BIBSEM)
Clay from the Mont Terri Rock Laboratory is present in the outcrop walls and in some drill cores of the Main Fault
Summary
Clay is an enigmatic soft rock with important differences in rheological and hydrological behaviour compared to its more competent protolith (sensu Rutter et al, 2001). There have been many studies of scaly clays, because of their geotechnical importance and role in detachment faulting. A rock comprises a scaly fabric if it splits along an anastomosing network of fractures into smaller rock pieces, so-called microlithons (sensu Passchier and Trouw, 2005). Clay is generally seen to have formed by deformation, and occurs in several fault settings (cf Vannucchi et al, 2003), such as in drill cores from décollement zones of clay-rich accretionary prisms: Barbados (Labaume et al, 1997; Maltman et al, 1997; Takizawa and Ogawa, 1999) and more recently Tohoku (Chester et al, 2013; Ujiie et al, 2013).
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