Abstract
Directed energy deposition (DED) as a metal additive manufacturing technology can be used to produce or repair complex shape parts in a layer-wise process using powder or wire. Thanks to its advantages in the fabrication of net-shape and functionally graded components, DED could attract significant interest in the production of high-value parts for different engineering applications. Nevertheless, the industrialization of this technology remains challenging, mainly because of the lack of knowledge regarding the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of as-built parts, as well as the trustworthiness/durability of engineering parts produced by the DED process. Hence, this paper reviews the published data about the microstructure and mechanical performance of DED AISI 316L stainless steel. The data show that building conditions play key roles in the determination of the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of the final components produced via DED. Moreover, this review article sheds light on the major advancements and challenges in the production of AISI 316L parts by the DED process. In addition, it is found that in spite of different investigations carried out on the optimization of process parameters, further research efforts into the production of AISI 316L components via DED technology is required.
Highlights
In recent decades, additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, recognized as three dimensional (3D) printing, has attracted significant attention in different industries [1,2]
As one of the most employed AM technologies, Directed energy deposition (DED) offers excellent potential for the production of complex shape components, which are arduous to produce through conventional processes
This review article summarizes the latest research carried out to evaluate microstructures and mechanical properties of AISI 316L stainless steel processed by DED
Summary
Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, recognized as three dimensional (3D) printing, has attracted significant attention in different industries [1,2]. A growing body of literature has emerged in which the correlation among process parameters, microstructure, and mechanical properties of DED AISI 316L stainless steel (Figure 1) has been studied [31,32,33,34,35]. Since all of the of process variables haveheating/cooling a significant influence marked temperature gradient, and bulk temperature increment, define the morphology and grain on the thermal history of parts, the prediction of microstructural characteristics and their dependence size of DED components. Saboori et al evaluated the PCAS of AISI 316L alloy produced via DED morphology, temperature gradient, and solidification rate during the DED process [27]. The formation of these inclusions, mainly oxides, can change the failure behavior of material from ductile mode to brittle mode (as for the composite materials) [79,80]
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