Abstract
Despite aluminum profiles, magnesium profiles have not been well developed due to the low formability. Furthermore, extruded magnesium profiles show a strong dependence on the mechanical properties, according to the loading direction. This is caused by a strong basal texture, which is directly dependent on the process parameters during the extrusion and the subsequent aging. Thus, the present paper focuses on the analysis of the microstructure and its evolution of extruded magnesium hollow profiles, which were subjected to a series of heat treatments at 475 °C up to one hour. The hollow profiles were extruded through a porthole die, thus, containing longitudinal weld seams. These were formed by material that underwent heavy shearing along the tool surface based on the friction conditions in the porthole die. Three extrusion ratios (ER = 8:1, ER = 16:1, ER = 30:1) were applied, resulting in three different wall thicknesses of the profiles. The microstructure of the profiles was analyzed using light-optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The analysis revealed no change of the microstructure of the profiles extruded at the two higher extrusion ratios within the time frame of the heat treatment. In contrast, the microstructure and, thus, the micro-texture of the profile with the lowest extrusion ratio (ER = 8:1) has been affected to a great extent. While only small changes in microstructure in the weld-free area were observed, the initial microstructure in the weld seam was transformed from fine recrystallized grains into a significantly bimodal microstructure mainly due to an abnormal grain growth (AGG). These changes were accompanied by a promotion of the rare-earth (RE) texture component for the weld-free material and a change of the overall texture from RE to a typical non-RE double fiber texture for the weld seam due to the intense AGG within the short-time heat treatments. In addition, the influence of the extrusion ratio on particle size and distribution as well as the character of the microstructure governing the behavior during heat treatments was analyzed and discussed.
Highlights
Extruded profiles are commonly used in various applications and industrial sectors such as transport, construction, machine building, sporting goods, medical application, and many more
The weld-free and weld seam containing samples were isothermally heat-treated in a batch furnace at 475 ◦ C for dwell times of 400 s, 1200 s, and 3600 s, whereby the dwell time is defined as the timeframe of the heat treatment where the samples have reached the nominal heat treatment temperature
The hollow profile with the higher extrusion ratio (ER) of ER = 30:1 has and ER = 8:1, which is attributed to the increase in the degree of deformation, i.e., strain, an overall more homogeneous microstructure over the profiles extruded at an ER = 16:1 as a function of increasing the extrusion ratio
Summary
Extruded profiles are commonly used in various applications and industrial sectors such as transport, construction, machine building, sporting goods, medical application, and many more. The wide utilization of extruded profiles is due to the large range of profile geometries that can be produced by extrusion, especially hollow profiles that are combining low weight and high stiffness. Most commercially available lightweight extrusion profiles are aluminum profiles. This is mainly due to the excellent forming behavior of aluminum as well as the broad range of available alloys. Since magnesium has an hcp lattice structure, it has a low formability, especially at lower temperatures. Throughout the last two decades, various efforts have been made to improve the formability of magnesium alloys with special emphasis on room temperature or low-temperature deformation properties. The commercially available alloys of the AZ and ZK family have been used
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