Abstract
RESUMEN: Pese a su presencia temprana en las sociedades humanas, el estudio del estigma desde las ciencias sociales se inicia a mediados del siglo XX, constituyendo la definición de Erving Goffman del estigma como un atributo profundamente desacreditador dentro de una interacción social particular, una de las primeras aproximaciones al estudio sistemático y formal de este concepto. A diferencia de muchos autores contemporaneos, Goffman identifica oportunamente los rasgos propios del estigma social que permiten su clara delimitación con respecto a otros fenómenos vinculados a sus manifestaciones, siendo el reconocimiento de su singularidad conceptual el primer paso hacia el análisis y la compresión de sus complejas manifestaciones en diferentes contextos socio-culturales. La microsociología de Goffman y, de manera particular, su concepto de marcos, como esquemas generales que organizan la experiencia humana, ofrece un enfoque teórico fértil y, a la vez, poco explorado, para el análisis de este fenómeno y los mecanismos implicados tanto en su construcción social como en su impacto en los diferentes ámbitos de la interacción humana. Así, los marcos construidos, entre otros procesos, a partir de las narrativas y otras formas de comunicación popular, facilitan el reconocimiento y la codificación de objetos, situaciones, experiencias y secuencias de acciones desde el sistema de valores asumido por la comunidad, modificándose y ajustándose de manera continua a través del proceso de interacción social.Palabras claves: estigma; discriminación; microsociología; marcos; Goffman.ABSTRACT: Despite its early presence in human societies, stigma was not addressed by social sciences until mid-twentieth century, with Erving Goffman’s definition of stigma as a profoundly discrediting attribute within a specific social interaction being one of the first attempts to produce a systematic and formal study of this phenomenon. Unlike many contemporary authors, Goffman accurately identifies features of social stigma that allow for its clear delimitation from other social phenomena related to its manifestations, understanding the acknowledgment of stigma’s conceptual singularity as a first step required for analysis and comprehension of its complex manifestations in different socio-cultural contexts. Goffman’s microsociology and, particularly, his concept of frames as schemata of interpretation that organize human experience, provide a fertile and, at the same time, relatively unexplored, theoretical ground for the analysis of social stigma, and the mechanisms involved both in its social construction and its impact in different areas of human interaction. From that perspective, frames constructed, among other social processes, through narratives and other forms of popular communication, facilitate the recognition and coding of objects, situations, experiences and sequences of actions based on the value system assumed by specific communities, being continually modified and adjusted through social interaction.Keywords: stigma; discrimination; microsociology; frames; Goffman.
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