Abstract
To complete their life cycles, plants require several minerals that are found in soil. Plant growth and development can be affected by nutrient shortages or high nutrient availability. Several adaptations and evolutionary changes have enabled plants to cope with inappropriate growth conditions and low or high nutrient levels. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized for transcript cleavage and translational reduction, and can be used for post-transcriptional regulation. Aside from regulating plant growth and development, miRNAs play a crucial role in regulating plant’s adaptations to adverse environmental conditions. Additionally, miRNAs are involved in plants’ sensory functions, nutrient uptake, long-distance root transport, and physiological functions related to nutrients. It may be possible to develop crops that can be cultivated in soils that are either deficient in nutrients or have extreme nutrient supplies by understanding how plant miRNAs are associated with nutrient stress. In this review, an overview is presented regarding recent advances in the understanding of plants’ responses to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, copper, iron, boron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and calcium deficiencies via miRNA regulation. We conclude with future research directions emphasizing the modification of crops for improving future food security.
Highlights
The normal development and growth of plants requires at least 17 elements
In addition to main root development, the miR393/AFB3 element controls horizontal root development in the reaction to nitrate treatment. These findings show that miR393 and AFB3 control nitrate-produced variations in root structure, potentially through the auxin-signaling pathway
Other research found that miR169a is downregulated by N deficiency in Arabidopsis shoots and roots, and that it is essential under N-limited conditions, for the regulation of nuclear transcription factor Y subunit-alpha (NFYA) expression [36,37] (Figure 1)
Summary
The normal development and growth of plants requires at least 17 elements. The mineral nutrients comprise 14 of the 17 essential nutrients, the others being oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen [1]. MiRNAs have been found to be involved to plant stress responses through the post-transcriptional regulation of a variety of transcription factors (TFs) [10,11,12,13].
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