Abstract
The state of the cell (and the organism as a whole) is determined not only by the genotype, but by the ratio of turned on and off genes as well. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression plays a key role in the control of many cellular processes. Being important molecules of such regulation microRNAs are involved in post-transcriptional turning about half of human genes off. Abnormal expression of microRNAs, leading to changes in their concentration, can contribute to the development of many pathophysiological processes, diseases as well as cancer, and therefore microRNAs can be regarded as biomarkers for identifying various types of diseases. This mini-review presents the biogenesis, subcellular and exosomal localization of microRNAs and the mechanisms by which they regulate transcription and cellular homeostasis.
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