Abstract
BackgroundEndothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to reendothelialization and neovascularization and protect against vascular injury and ischemia of various organs. We have previously shown downregulation of microRNA (miR)-126 in EPCs from diabetic patients, which contributes to dysfunction of EPCs including impaired migratory ability. The aims of the present study were to examine (1) in vitro the effects of miR-126 on the homing and stemness of late outgrowth EPCs (LOCs), along with relevant signaling pathways, and (2) in vivo the effects of modulating LOCs by manipulating miR-126 expression on LOC homing and reendothelialization of injured arteries in GK rats (a non-obese diabetes model).MethodsRat bone marrow-derived LOCs were transfected with miR-126 inhibitor or lentiviral vectors expressing miR-126. LOC migration was determined by transwell migration assay. CXCR4 expression was measured by real-time PCR, Western blotting, and confocal microscopy while related signaling pathway proteins were measured by Western Blotting. Stemness gene expression, and gene and protein expression and promoter activity of KLF-8 were also measured. LOCs transfected with lenti-miR-126 or miR-126 inhibitor were injected into GK rats with carotid artery injury, and then vascular reendothelialization and the extent of intimal hyperplasia were examined.ResultsLenti-miR-126 increased while miR-126 inhibitor decreased LOC migration and CXCR4 expression on LOCs. miR-126 positively regulated p-ERK, VEGF, p-Akt, and eNOS protein expression, and inhibitors of these proteins blocked miR-126-induced CXCR4 expression and also reduced LOC migration. Overexpression of miR-126 promoted while inhibition of miR-126 suppressed stemness gene expression in LOCs. miR-126 also inhibited gene and protein expression and promoter activity of KLF-8 while shRNA-mediated knockdown of KLF-8 increased stemness gene expression. Upregulation of stemness gene expression by miR-126 overexpression was completely abrogated by co-transfection of lenti-KLF-8 and lenti-miR-126 into LOCs. In GK rats, transplantation of LOCs overexpressing miR-126 enhanced LOC homing and reendothelialization and decreased intimal hyperplasia of injured arteries.ConclusionOur results indicate that miR-126 protects against vascular injury by promoting CXCR4 expression and LOC homing via ERK/VEGF and Akt/eNOS signaling pathways and maintaining stemness via targeting KLF-8.
Highlights
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to reendothelialization and neovascularization and protect against vascular injury and ischemia of various organs
MiR-126 promo0074ed late outgrowth EPCs (LOCs) migration First, we tested the effects of different concentrations of Stromal cellderived-factor 1α (SDF-1α) (25, 50, 100, or 200 ng/mL) on LOC migration (Fig. 1a, b) and selected 100 ng/mL of SDF-1α for subsequent experiments since it was the optimal concentration
We found that LOC migration in the presence of 100 ng/mL of SDF-1α was dramatically inhibited by miR-126 inhibitor, while augmented by lenti-miR-126 (Fig. 1d, e)
Summary
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to reendothelialization and neovascularization and protect against vascular injury and ischemia of various organs. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are bone marrowderived precursors of vascular endothelial cells and mobilize to injured endothelium or ischemic tissues where they participate in the repair of damaged endothelium and neovascularization of ischemic tissues [1,2,3,4,5]. While different subtypes of EPCs all contribute to endothelial repair of vascular injury, LOCs are able to differentiate into endothelial cells but early EPCs exert beneficial effects through their pro-angiogenic paracrine actions [11, 12]. Many factors, such as the number and migratory activity, correlate with circulating EPCs’ capacity of reendothelialization [13]. Impaired vascular repair by malfunctioning EPCs in diabetes could play a pathologic role in increased cardiovascular risk associated with diabetes
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