Abstract
Phytoplankton drives primary productivity in marine pelagic systems. This is also true for the oligotrophic waters in coral reefs, where natural and anthropogenic sources of nutrients can alter pelagic trophic webs. In this study, microphytoplankton assemblages were characterized for the first time in relation to expected coral spawning dates in the Caribbean. A hierarchical experimental design was used to examine these assemblages in Los Roques archipelago, Venezuela, at various temporal and spatial scales for spawning events in both 2007 and 2008. At four reefs, superficial water samples were taken daily for 9 days after the full moon of August, including days before, during and after the expected days of coral spawning. Microphytoplankton assemblages comprised 100 microalgae taxa at up to 50 cells per mL (mean ± 8 SD) and showed temporal and spatial variations related to the coral spawning only in 2007. However, chlorophyll a concentrations increased during and after the spawning events in both years, and this was better matched with analyses of higher taxonomical groups (diatoms, cyanophytes and dinoflagellates), that also varied in relation to spawning times in 2007 and 2008, but asynchronously among reefs. Heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates increased in abundance, correlating with a decrease of the diatom Cerataulina pelagica and an increase of the diatom Rhizosolenia imbricata. These variations occurred during and after the coral spawning event for some reefs in 2007. For the first time, a fresh-water cyanobacteria species of Anabaena was ephemerally found (only 3 days) in the archipelago, at reefs closest to human settlements. Variability among reefs in relation to spawning times indicated that reef-specific processes such as water residence time, re-mineralization rates, and benthic-pelagic coupling can be relevant to the observed patterns. These results suggest an important role of microheterotrophic grazers in re-mineralization of organic matter in coral reef waters and highlight the importance of assessing compositional changes of larger size fractions of the phytoplankton when evaluating primary productivity and nutrient fluxes.
Highlights
Phytoplankton drives the energy flow in most marine ecosystems as they are the main primary producers in environments where sufficient light allows for photosynthetic fixation of carbon (C) (Reynolds, 2006)
Expected variations in microphytoplankton abundance and composition linked to the coral spawning events were mostly overridden by variations between years and spatial variations among reefs in Locality Period Reef (Lo) Roques archipelago
When groups of the microphytoplankton were examined, dinoflagellate assemblages and trophic functional groups varied in relation to the spawning times
Summary
Phytoplankton drives the energy flow in most marine ecosystems as they are the main primary producers in environments where sufficient light allows for photosynthetic fixation of carbon (C) (Reynolds, 2006). Various recirculation processes in reefs drive fluxes of submarine groundwater that might transfer in-land nitrogen into the reefs (Santos et al, 2010) Other natural processes, such as mucus release by corals as well as massive or multi-specific coral spawning events, represent influxes of labile organic compounds, from which the composition and amount of organic matter released into the water column varies greatly in space and time (Coffroth, 1990; Coffroth, 1991; Wild, Tollrian & Huettel, 2004). Anthropogenic sources of nutrients are often derived from land-based pollution, such as coastal development and agriculture on watersheds, among other activities (Burke et al, 2011)
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