Microleakage Among Different Dental Restorative Materials: Causes, Detection, and Impact on Marginal Integrity

Abstract

Dental restorative materials are essential components in the field of dentistry, serving as compounds or substances used to address a wide spectrum of dental concerns, including cavities, tooth decay, fractures, and cosmetic enhancements. These materials, encompassing amalgam, composite resins, glass ionomer cement, and compomers, are carefully selected based on their specific properties and the requirements of the restorative procedure. However, dental restorations are intricate processes influenced by patient factors and material behaviour, which can lead to various complications. Among these, microleakage emerges as a prevalent and multifaceted issue, with causes ranging from polymerization shrinkage during material curing to thermal changes, cyclic loading, and moisture contamination. The consequences of microleakage are far-reaching, encompassing clinical challenges such as the development of secondary caries, tooth sensitivity, aesthetic concerns, and the potential for restoration failure. The susceptibility to microleakage varies among different dental restoration materials, with amalgam typically exhibiting lower susceptibility compared to more modern alternatives like composite resins and compomers. Glass ionomer cement, when employed with appropriate moisture control, can demonstrate improved resistance to microleakage over time. Detecting microleakage necessitates various methods, including radiography, dye penetration tests, electron microscopy, and microcomputed tomography. Effective prevention and management strategies involve the use of modern adhesive systems, precise restoration techniques, and patient education on maintaining optimal oral hygiene. Continual advancements in dental materials and techniques further contribute to the ongoing efforts to mitigate the challenges posed by microleakage in the ever-evolving landscape of modern dentistry, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and ensuring the longevity and success of dental restorations while prioritizing overall oral health.