Abstract
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death globally and the leading cause of disability in adults. Medical complications after stroke, especially infections such as pneumonia, are the leading cause of death in stroke survivors. Systemic immunodepression is considered to contribute to increased susceptibility to infections after stroke. Different experimental models have contributed significantly to the current knowledge of stroke pathophysiology and its consequences. Each model causes different changes in the cerebral microcirculation and local inflammatory responses after ischemia. The vast majority of studies which focused on the peripheral immune response to stroke employed the middle cerebral artery occlusion method. We review various experimental stroke models with regard to microcirculatory changes and discuss the impact on local and peripheral immune response for studies of CNS-injury (central nervous system injury) induced immunodepression.
Highlights
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death globally [1], accounting for approximately 10% of all deaths worldwide [2]
Between 1990 and 2016, there was a decrease in the age-standardized death rates from stroke (36.2%) [5], but the estimated global lifetime risk of stroke had a relative increase of 8.9%, with the risk of ischemic stroke being greater than that of hemorrhagic stroke [6]
Increase in infarct size correlated with a weaker immune response
Summary
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death globally [1], accounting for approximately 10% of all deaths worldwide [2]. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic, with approximately 85% of the total number of prevalent strokes being ischemic [5]. Between 1990 and 2016, there was a decrease in the age-standardized death rates from stroke (36.2%) [5], but the estimated global lifetime risk of stroke had a relative increase of 8.9%, with the risk of ischemic stroke being greater than that of hemorrhagic stroke [6]. A systematic analysis of the burden of neurological disorders from 1990 to 2015 found that stroke was responsible for 47.3% of total DALYs (disability-adjusted life-years) and the majority of deaths (67.3%) [7]. Projections indicate that by 2030 stroke will be responsible for almost 12 million deaths, 70 million survivors, and over 200 million DALYs lost globally each year [8]
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