Abstract
During the last few years, the gut microbiota has gained increasing attention as a consequence of its emerging role as a modulator of the immune system. With the advent of the era of checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy and adoptive cell transfer (ACT) in oncology, these findings became of primary relevance in light of experimental data that suggested the microbiota involvement as a plausible predictor of a good or poor response. These remarks justify the efforts to pinpoint the specific actions of the microbiota and to identify new strategies to favorably edit its composition.
Highlights
In the last two decades, intestinal microbiota, a silent and forgotten, but capital player of health, has been recognized in its own role concerning human physiology and pathology.Initially hypothesized to be limited to the gastrointestinal tract, its role is suggested to be much larger, including immune-modulatory effects outside the gut and even impacting on several brain functions.we experienced the dawn of immunotherapy in the treatment of hematological and solid tumors
We summarize some general aspects of human microbiome, focusing on specific immunomodulatory functions and on its emerging role as modulator of response to cancer immunotherapies
FISH analysis of colon biopsies of healthy subjects confirmed that the number of bacteria on the mucosa is lower (
Summary
In the last two decades, intestinal microbiota, a silent and forgotten, but capital player of health, has been recognized in its own role concerning human physiology and pathology. Hypothesized to be limited to the gastrointestinal tract, its role is suggested to be much larger, including immune-modulatory effects outside the gut and even impacting on several brain functions. We experienced the dawn of immunotherapy in the treatment of hematological and solid tumors. The immunotherapies already approved, and the new concept ones, such as cutting-edge types of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy, are promising to gain an ever-increasing relevance within the landscape of cancer treatments. We summarize some general aspects of human microbiome, focusing on specific immunomodulatory functions and on its emerging role as modulator of response to cancer immunotherapies
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