Abstract
Pectinases are upcoming enzymes in the biotechnological sector. This large group of enzymes involves in break down of pectic polysaccharides, the major component of middle lamella in plant cell wall. The pectin degrading enzymes are categorized according to their mode of action and release of degradative products. Various filamentous fungi, yeast, and bacteria are the common sources of microbial pectinases. Solid state fermentation is more preferable for extracellular microbial pectinases production over the submerged fermentation. A group of genes regulates the expression of pectinolytic enzymes. Mostly, all the enzymes share a common parallel helix topology which consists of a single domain of parallel -strands folded into a large right-handed cylinder. These enzymes are eco-friendly tools for industrial applications and being used in various sectors like wine, food, paper industry, waste paper recycling, fruit juice preparation, processing of tea–coffee, animal feed preparation.
Highlights
Enzymes are extremely efficient biocatalysts to perform all anabolic and catabolic reactions in living systems
Pectinolytic enzymes are present in a complex enzymatic system which are capable to degrade the pectic substances those are mostly present in higher plants and microorganisms (Jayani et al, 2005; Kittur, et al, 2003)
The inherent pectinase of plant cells is most important during the ripening of fruits as it starts degradation of middle lamella of plant’s cell wall which leads to softening of fruits (Khan et al, 2013)
Summary
Enzymes are extremely efficient biocatalysts to perform all anabolic and catabolic reactions in living systems. Pectic substances are the versatile structural polysaccharides with high molecular weight and negative charges They contain long galacturonic acid chains whose varying numbers of carboxyl groups are esterfied with methyl group. There are two major constituents of pectins, homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan (RG); further, rhamnogalacturonan is subdivided into rhamnogalacturonan I (RGI) and rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII) (Fig.1) These three major pectic polysaccharides groups contain D-galacturonic acid to a greater or a lesser extent. PgaI, pgaII, pgaB, pgaC, pgaD, pgaE, pelB, pelC, pelF, plyA and rhgA genes are placed into subset I and they are encoding enzymes for breakdown of pectin main chain Their expression depends on presence of Dgalacturonic acid, polygalacturonate and sugar beet pectin, incubation time and the pH of the medium.
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