Abstract
Nanomaterials are increasingly being used in new products and devices with a great impact on different fields from sensoristics to biomedicine. Biosynthesis of nanomaterials by microorganisms is recently attracting interest as a new, exciting approach towards the development of ‘greener’ nanomanufacturing compared to traditional chemical and physical approaches. This review provides an insight about microbial biosynthesis of nanomaterials by bacteria, yeast, molds, and microalgae for the manufacturing of sensoristic devices and therapeutic/diagnostic applications. The last ten-year literature was selected, focusing on scientific works where aspects like biosynthesis features, characterization, and applications have been described. The knowledge, challenges, and potentiality of microbial-mediated biosynthesis was also described. Bacteria and microalgae are the main microorganism used for nanobiosynthesis, principally for biomedical applications. Some bacteria and microalgae have showed the ability to synthetize unique nanostructures: bacterial nanocellulose, exopolysaccharides, bacterial nanowires, and biomineralized nanoscale materials (magnetosomes, frustules, and coccoliths). Yeasts and molds are characterized by extracellular synthesis, advantageous for possible reuse of cell cultures and reduced purification processes of nanomaterials. The intrinsic variability of the microbiological systems requires a greater protocols standardization to obtain nanomaterials with increasingly uniform and reproducible chemical-physical characteristics. A deeper knowledge about biosynthetic pathways and the opportunities from genetic engineering are stimulating the research towards a breakthrough development of microbial-based nanosynthesis for the future scaling-up and possible industrial exploitation of these promising ‘nanofactories’.
Highlights
During the period of 2016–2022 the global nanomaterials market is expected to grow with a compound annual growth rate of about 20% or more [1]
This review provides an insight about microbial biosynthesis of nanomaterials by bacteria, yeast, molds, and microalgae for the manufacturing of sensoristic devices and therapeutic/diagnostic applications
Bacteria and microalgae are the main microorganism used for nanobiosynthesis, principally for biomedical applications
Summary
During the period of 2016–2022 the global nanomaterials market is expected to grow with a compound annual growth rate of about 20% or more [1]. One of the major challenges for the global advancement of nanomaterials market is the environmental sustainability of nanomanufacturing processes. Traditional top-down or bottom-up chemical and physical nanomanufacturing approaches have a greater energy-intensity compared to manufacturing processes of bulk materials. They are often characterized by low process yields (using acidic/basic chemicals and organic solvents), generation of greenhouse gases, and they require specific facilities, operative conditions (e.g., from moderate to high vacuum), and high purity levels of starting materials [2,3,4]. Wnaenfoomcuasterdiaolns wthoartkhsatvheatbheaevneucsoevderfeodr s(ebvioer)asleknesyoraissptiecctasnodf nbiaonmomedaitcearliaplsu:r(pi)ostyeps.eWofebfiocsyunsethdeosins (winorskosmtheatcahsaevse pcovste-rbeidossyenvtehreasl ikseyfuanscpteiocntsaolifznatainoonm), a(tiei)riabliso:s(yi)nttyhpeeticofpbaiothswynatyhses(ipsr(einsusmompteivceasoesr pdoemst-obniostsryantethde),s(isiiif)ucnhcatiroanctaelrizizaatitoionn), (ivi))baipopsylinctahtieotnics.pIanthtwheaysesc(opnrdespuamrtp, tmivaeinoracdqeumiroendsktrnaotewdl)e,d(igiie), chalrlaecntgereisz,aatniodnp, o(itve)ntaipalpitlyicaotfiomnisc.roInbiathl-emseedcioantedd pbaiorts,ymntahiensiaschqausirbeedenkdnoeswcrleibdegde., challenges, and potentiality of microbial-mediated biosynthesis has been described. Microbial-Mediated Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials for Sensoristic and Biomedical Applications
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