Abstract
The lipopeptide produced by microorganisms is one of the representative biosurfactants and is characterized as a series of structural analogues of different families. Thirty-four families covering about 300 lipopeptide compounds have been reported in the last decades, and most of the reported lipopeptides produced by microorganisms were under aerobic conditions. The lipopeptide-producing strains under anaerobic conditions have attracted much attention from both the academic and industrial communities, due to the needs and the challenge of their applications in anaerobic environments, such as in oil reservoirs and in microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). In this review, the fifty-eight reported bacterial strains, mostly isolated from oil reservoirs and dominated by the species Bacillus subtilis, producing lipopeptide biosurfactants, and the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, producing glycolipid biosurfactants under anaerobic conditions were summarized. The metabolic pathway and the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) of the strain Bacillus subtilis under anaerobic conditions were analyzed, which is expected to better understand the key mechanisms of the growth and production of lipopeptide biosurfactants of such kind of bacteria under anaerobic conditions, and to expand the industrial application of anaerobic biosurfactant-producing bacteria.
Highlights
Biosurfactants are a group of microbial secondary metabolites with strong surface/interfacial activity mainly produced by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi [1], and a kind of amphiphilic compounds with a wide structural variety including lipopeptide, glycolipid, phospholipid, polysaccharide-protein complexes, fatty acids, or natural lipids, etc. [2]
This review presented a summary on the fifty-eight reported bacterial strains that can produce biosurfactants under anaerobic conditions
This review summarizes the thirty-six reported lipopeptide biosurfactants-producing strains and twenty-two other biosurfactants-producing stains, mostly isolated from oil reservoirs
Summary
Biosurfactants are a group of microbial secondary metabolites with strong surface/. interfacial activity mainly produced by bacteria, yeasts, and fungi [1], and a kind of amphiphilic compounds with a wide structural variety including lipopeptide, glycolipid, phospholipid, polysaccharide-protein complexes, fatty acids, or natural lipids, etc. [2]. The microbial lipopeptide is one of the representative biosurfactants and is characterized as a series of structural analogues of different families. 300 lipopeptide compounds have been reported in the last decades, and among those families the surfactin, iturin, fengycin, and lichenysin are the most frequently reported ones. A large number of environments inherited oxygen free conditions, such as deep sea and underground oil reservoirs, and the application of anaerobic lipopeptide-producing bacteria in industries is still a challenge. The metabolic pathway and the non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) of the strain Bacillus subtilis under anaerobic conditions were analyzed, which is expected to lead to better understanding of the key mechanisms of the growth and production of lipopeptide biosurfactants of such kind of bacteria under oxygen-limiting conditions, and to expand the biotechnological and industrial applications of anaerobic lipopeptide-producing bacteria
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