Microbial industrial enzymes: An annotated selection of World Wide Web sites relevant to the topics in microbial biotechnology.

Abstract

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_28 This review article in an e-book provides an excellent overview to the field of industrial enzymes. In addition to the current commonly used enzymes, it contains information of emerging enzymes of interest. http://www.novozymes.com/-/media/Project/Novozymes/.../Enzymes_at_work.pdf This web brochure produced by Novozymes provides many examples of industrial enzymes, their origins and applications. http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/enztech/detergent.html This web article is a little dated but it nevertheless provides a good overview of how enzymes are used on washing formulations. https://www.aasv.org/shap/issues/v18n2/v18n2p90.html Phytase is an enzyme that releases phosphate from phytate, a hexaphosphate ester of inositol. Because much phosphate in grain and seeds is stored in phytate, phytase enzyme is added to animal feed to help release phosphate from the feed. https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/pdf/2017/04/ocl170015.pdf Lipases, mostly obtained from fungi, is used extensively in industry. Major uses are in detergents and in food oil processing. https://www.heraproject.com/files/22-F-07_PROTEASE_HERA_Final%20Edition%20(unsecured%20-%20PDFA-1b).pdf Subtilisin is a protease, originally obtained from strains of Bacillus. It is used in laundry, dishwashing and contact lens cleaning applications. The current document contains much information relevant to the industrial use of subtilisin. https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/chymosin/3007682.article Chymosin is an important enzyme used in the conversion of milk to cheese. It was originally obtained from the digestive tracts of young ruminant animals. More recently, it is produced in recombinant form by microbial fermentation processes. https://microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12934-016-0507-6 Cellulases are important industrial enzymes in biomass conversion. A major organism long studied for it enzymes for degrading cellulose is the fungus Trichoderma reesei. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3769773/ This review article discusses the uses of amylases, mostly in converting various food products such as starches in corn, wheat, rice, and tapioca. A very large process currently is the conversion of corn starch to glucose by amylase coupled to the isomerization of glucose to fructose. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315803185_Xylanases_and_their_industrial_applications_A_review This Research Gate website contains an abstract on xylanases and a link to the full review article on the topic. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3347563/ This review article covers enzymes used in the production of semi-synthetic beta-lactam antibiotics. The major focus is on protein expression and engineering. https://www.creative-enzymes.com/similar/glucose-isomerase_319.html Glucose isomerase, also known as xylose isomerase, is widely used in the production of high-fructose corn syrup. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/pectinase Pectinases are widely used in producing clarified fruit juices. The pectinases hydrolyze linkages in the pectic substance found in the cell walls of plants. https://www.novozymes.com/en Novozymes is a major enzyme producing company, headquartered in Denmark. http://biosciences.dupont.com DuPont is a very large producer of enzymes with currently 900 commercial products on the market. https://www.dupont.com/products-and-services/industrial-biotechnology/industrial-enzymes-bioactives/primagreen.html Many enzymes are used in textile processing and clothing finishing. This website addresses are group of enzymes used in those applications. http://animalnutrition.dupont.com/productsservices/feed-enzymes/ Animal nutrition enzymes are largely derived from bacteria and aid in the animal digestion of their foods. The enzymes are principally phytase, proteases, and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. https://www.basf.com/global/en/products/cross-industry-solutions/enzymes.html The German chemical company BASF made a large entry into industrial enzymes with the the purchase of the Verenium Corporation. https://www.amano-enzyme.com/uk/about-company/ Amano produces microbial enzymes for use in food, supplement, and medical diagnostic industries.