Abstract
Glucose isomerase (GI, also known as xylose isomerase) reversibly isomerizes D-glucose and D-xylose to D-fructose and D-xylulose, respectively. GI plays an important role in sugar metabolism, fulfilling nutritional requirements in bacteria. In addition, GI is an important industrial enzyme for the production of high-fructose corn syrup and bioethanol. This review introduces the functions, structure, and applications of GI, in addition to presenting updated information on the characteristics of newly discovered GIs and structural information regarding the metal-binding active site of GI and its interaction with the inhibitor xylitol. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in the characterization and engineering of GI, as well as its industrial applications, and will help to guide future research in this field.
Highlights
Glucose isomerase (GI, EC 5.3.1.5; known as D‐xylose ketol isomerase, xyloseGlucose isomerase (GI, EC 5.3.1.5; known as D-xylose ketol isomerase, xylose isomerase (XI), xylose ketoisomerase, and xylose ketol‐isomerase) is widely distributed in isomerase (XI), xylose ketoisomerase, and xylose ketol-isomerase) is widely distributed bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and plants [1,2]
It is proposed that the substrate at the active site of GI exists in an open ring state, and a closed ring form product is created after isomerization via a hydride shift from C2 to C1 [18,19,20]
In S. rubiginosus, the metal at the M1 site is coordinated by Glu181, Glu217, Asp245, and Asp287, and the metal at the M2 site binds the protein via Glu217, His220, Asp255, and Asp257
Summary
Glucose isomerase (GI, EC 5.3.1.5; known as D-xylose ketol isomerase, xylose isomerase (XI), xylose ketoisomerase, and xylose ketol‐isomerase) is widely distributed in isomerase (XI), xylose ketoisomerase, and xylose ketol-isomerase) is widely distributed bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and plants [1,2]. It is one of the three most with respect to its physiological role and commercial applications [3] It is one of the three commonly produced industrial enzymes, along with amylase and protease [2,3].
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