Abstract
A simple and high sensitive preconcentration method based on micelle-mediated extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography (LC-UV) was developed for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous samples. The BPA was quantitatively extracted from aqueous samples in the presence of Triton X-114 as a nonionic surfactant and preconcentrated into the small volume (about 30 μL) of the surfactant-rich phase. Taguchi method, an orthogonal array design (OA16 (45)), was utilized to optimize the various factors affecting the micellar extraction of BPA. The maximum extraction efficiency of BPA was obtained at pH 3, 0.2% (w/v) Triton X-114, and 0.25 mol L−1 sodium acetate. For the preconcentration, the solutions were incubated in a thermostatic water bath at 50°C for 7 min. After centrifuge and separation of aqueous phase, the surfactant-rich phase was diluted with 100 μL acetone and injected in the chromatographic system. Under the optimum conditions, preconcentration factor of 34.9 was achieved for extraction from 10 mL of sample solution and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) of the method was lower than 6.6%. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.5–150 μg L−1 with reasonable linearity (r2>0.9987). The limit of detection (LOD) based on S/N = 3 was 0.13 μg L−1 for 10 mL sample volumes. The limit of quantification (LOQ) based on S/N = 10 was 0.43 μg L−1 for 10 mL sample volumes. Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by the extraction and determination of BPA in the real samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.
Highlights
The distribution and abundance of plastic particles in the environment have rapidly increased, and the adverse effects of chemicals that leach from the plastic debris on aquatic animals have been of great concern [1, 2]
Some sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [12], dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [13], solid-phase extraction [14,15,16], and molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction [17, 18] have been developed for the extraction of bisphenol A (BPA) from various matrices
To achieve maximum extraction efficiency, various parameters affecting the extraction of BPA were studied using the Taguchi orthogonal array design (OAD)
Summary
The distribution and abundance of plastic particles in the environment have rapidly increased, and the adverse effects of chemicals that leach from the plastic debris on aquatic animals have been of great concern [1, 2]. BPA is a monomer widely used in the manufacture of epoxy and phenolic resins, as stabilizing material or antioxidant for numerous types of plastics including polyvinyl chloride [5, 6]. It is used in polycarbonates, polyacrylates, and corrosionresistant unsaturated polyester-styrene resins. BPA has been found to be widely distributed in the environment, because of highly production of plastics [7, 8]. BPA is leached from lacquer-coated cans [4], polycarbonate flasks during autoclaving, and baby feeding bottles [9] due to the hydrolysis of the polymer during thermal treatment [4, 10, 11]. Some sample preparation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) [12], dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) [13], solid-phase extraction [14,15,16], and molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction [17, 18] have been developed for the extraction of BPA from various matrices
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