Methylene blue and tolonium chloride impair cardiac performance in human atrial tissue

Abstract

Objectives: Methylene blue (MB) and Tolonium chloride (TC), both phenothiazine derivates, have pleiotropic effects. Apart from their application as intravital-dyes and antidotes for methemoglobinemia MB is used in rescue therapy of vasoplegic syndrome. Whereas positive hemodynamic effects are recorded for MB, multiple severe adverse reactions like cardiac arrhythmias and circulatory depression are described for TC. There still is a lack of information regarding the impact of TC an MB on contractile performance.