Abstract
Despite recent progress, gastric cancer remains one of the most common cancers and has a high mortality rate worldwide. Aberrant DNA methylation pattern and deregulation of noncoding RNA expression appear in the early stages of gastric cancer. Numerous investigations have confirmed their significant role in gastric cancer tumorigenesis and their high potential as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Currently, it is clear that these epigenetic regulators do not work alone but interact with each other, generating a complex network. The aim of our review was to summarize the current knowledge of this interaction in gastric cancer and estimate its clinical potential for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the disease.
Highlights
Gastric cancer (GC) remains the fifth most diagnosed cancer among both men and women and the third highest cause of cancer-related death worldwide
GC development is the result of a complex crosstalk among epigenetic, genetic, and environmental factors that lead to different molecular alterations in the cell [5,6]
Being able to inhibit genes involved in DNA methylation processes and being repressed by DNA methylation, miRNAs are involved in regulatory feedback loops
Summary
Gastric cancer (GC) remains the fifth most diagnosed cancer among both men and women and the third highest cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Methylation of promoter regions determines tissue-specific gene expression, X-chromosome inactivation, and silencing of retroviral elements, and it alters the condensed chromatin structure by influencing histone–DNA or histone–histone contact [14]; deregulation of the methylation pattern can lead to serious diseases, including cancer. The number of known ncRNAs in human is increasing, and, according to the Encyclopedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) reports, they constitute at least 76% of the genome, compared to less than 2% of protein-coding genes [17,18] Their multiplicity, localization in transcriptionally active parts of the genome, and conservation across species further suggest their functional importance and make them valuable molecular candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for diseases, including cancer [19]. The aim of this review was to bring together the current knowledge and research on the interplay between DNA methylation and ncRNAs in GC and their clinical potential for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the disease
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