Abstract
The use of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for tissue engineering of hyaline cartilage is a topical area of regenerative medicine that has already entered clinical practice. The key stage of this procedure is to create conditions for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, increase the synthesis of hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix proteins by these cells and activate their proliferation. The first such works consisted in the indirect modification of cells, namely, in changing the conditions in which they are located, including microfracturing of the subchondral bone and the use of 3D biodegradable scaffolds. The most effective methods for modifying the cell culture of MSCs are protein and physical, which have already been partially introduced into clinical practice. Genetic methods for modifying MSCs, despite their effectiveness, have significant limitations. Techniques have not yet been developed that allow studying the effectiveness of their application even in limited groups of patients. The use of MSC modification methods allows precise regulation of cell culture proliferation, and in combination with the use of a 3D biodegradable scaffold, it allows obtaining a hyaline-like regenerate in the damaged area. This review is devoted to the consideration and comparison of various methods used to modify the cell culture of MSCs for their use in regenerative medicine of cartilage tissue.
Highlights
Members of the Transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) family transmit we showed previously [141], the low-intensity coherent electromagnetic radiation with a an external signal by binding to cellular receptors of Ser/Thr protein kinases and activate wavelength of 638.2 nm significantly increases expression of tgfb3, sox9, and col2a1 genes intracellular SMAD-dependent signaling pathways [184]
Allows creating more functional hyaline-like regenerate, allows creating a cell culture with improved properties, which affects the future properties of the regenerate, the use of microfracture and scaffolds makes it possible to modify the conditions for the proliferation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), to restore the damaged area of the hyaline cartilage, and at the same time, to remove the need for a complex stage of cell cultivation in vitro, some types of MSC modification make it easy to translate it in clinical practice; Limitations: (1)
In most cases, this is a complicated biological task that prevents the widespread translation of the procedure into clinical practice, MSC modification can cause the formation that does not match in its biophysical functions to native hyaline cartilage, the processes occurring during the modification of MSCs have not yet been fully studied, some types of MSC modification cannot be translated into clinical practice due to significant law barriers
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Degenerative lesions of the articular cartilage are observed in 50% of the adult population over 50 years of age [6] They have a significant negative impact on the quality of life and lead to disability for 10–20% of people over the age of 60 [7,8]. The pronounced deformity caused by osteoarthritis may require arthroplasty Though this procedure is highly invasive, risky, and very costly [9], the rate of its implementation is growing steadily throughout the world [10,11,12]. There are many technologies available to surgeons for replacing the damaged layer of the hyaline cartilage [14], the problem of restoring the surface of the articular cartilage has not yet been fully solved [15,16]. This work is devoted to a review of the currently used methods for modifying cell cultures and conditions for culturing cells for hyaline cartilage repair and a comparative analysis of their advantages and disadvantages
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