Abstract
Micropatterning and manipulation of mammalian and bacterial cells are important in biomedical studies to perform in vitro assays and to evaluate biochemical processes accurately, establishing the basis for implementing biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS), point-of-care (POC) devices, or organs-on-chips (OOC), which impact on neurological, oncological, dermatologic, or tissue engineering issues as part of personalized medicine. Cell patterning represents a crucial step in fundamental and applied biological studies in vitro, hence today there are a myriad of materials and techniques that allow one to immobilize and manipulate cells, imitating the 3D in vivo milieu. This review focuses on current physical cell patterning, plus chemical and a combination of them both that utilizes different materials and cutting-edge micro-nanofabrication methodologies.
Highlights
The objective of micropatterning and manipulating mammalian and bacterial cells is to have better controls, a deeper understanding, and to apply these in practical biomedical microelectromechanical systems, point-of-care (POC) devices, and organs-on-chips (OOC) [1]
Because of the versatility of these cell micropatternings, they can be applied to biomolecules [9], bacteria [10], yeasts [11], and other bioparticles involved in therapies [12], diagnosis [13], or interaction with numerous biochemical processes [14]
Yusof et al [19] reported a non-contact approach to pattern single cells by using an Inkjet printing technique that consisted of a dispenser chip to deposit droplets, a sensor to detect the cells, and an automation tool to print on specific substrates such as microscope slides and microtiter plates
Summary
The objective of micropatterning and manipulating mammalian and bacterial cells is to have better controls, a deeper understanding, and to apply these in practical biomedical microelectromechanical systems (bioMEMS), point-of-care (POC) devices, and organs-on-chips (OOC) [1] In this regard, (nano)biotechnologists have developed and implemented novel methodologies to fix cells on substrates, in a controlled manner, so-called micropatterning. Cell micropatterning and cell manipulation currently represent the basic steps to perform drug testing experiments [2,3], to understand biochemical processes [4,5], to design microfluidic devices for medical applications, and to conduct fundamental studies in biological areas [6,7] In this context, in vitro assays have increased their efficiency because of the simplicity of cell micropatterning and manipulation, which permit the carrying out of 3D human cells assays, replacing animal in vivo models [8]. In this review, separated or combined physical and chemical techniques for micropatterning and manipulating mammalian and bacterial cells are described, focusing on microfabricated biomedical devices and surveying significant reported articles as well as the contributions of the present authors, in this area
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