Methods for rapid detection of chemical and veterinary drug residues in animal foods

Veterinary drugs are widely used in animal husbandry to prevent and treat animal diseases, to promote animal growth, and to improve the conversion rate of feed. However, the use of veterinary drugs in food-producing animals may leave residues of the parent compounds, and/or their metabolites in food products resulting in harmful effects to humans. To ensure food safety, sensitive and effective analytical methods have been developing rapidly. So it is necessary to make a systematic summary of detection methods of veterinary drug residues. Sample preparation methods and analytical techniques are the two main parts of analyzing veterinary drug residues which were described in detail. Sample preparation methods, such as solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, immunoaffinity chromatography, and QuEChERS, were summarized by the specific examples. The three types of methods, microbial, immunological, and physicochemical methods, for screening or determination were described, including microbial inhibition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, colloidal gold immunoassay, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, biosensor technology, application of quantum dots, capillary electrophoresis, liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, the advantages and shortcomings of methods were also described. The challenges and prospects were discussed for the analysis of veterinary drug residues in animal-derived foods.

Integrating high-throughput exposure assessment and in vitro screening data to prioritize endocrine-active potential and dietary risks of pesticides and veterinary drug residues in animal products.

Proposal for a tiered approach to developmental toxicity testing for veterinary pharmaceutical products for food-producing animals

Chapter 10 Veterinary Drug Residues

The presence of drug residues in food products has become a growing concern because of the adverse health risks and regulatory implications. Drug residues in food refer to the presence of pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites in products such as meat, fish, eggs, poultry and ready-to-eat foods, which are intended for human consumption. These residues can come from the use of drugs in the field of veterinary medicine, such as antibiotics, antiparasitic agents, growth promoters and other veterinary drugs given to livestock and aquaculture with the aim of providing them as prophylaxis, therapy and for promoting growth. Various analytical techniques are used for this purpose to control the maximum residue limit. Compliance with the maximum residue limit is very important for food manufacturers according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Union (EU) regulations. Effective monitoring and control of drug residues in food requires continuous advances in analytical techniques. Few studies have been reviewed on sample extraction and preparation techniques as well as challenges and future directions for the determination of veterinary drug residues in food. This current review focuses on the overview of regulations, classifications and types of food, as well as the latest analytical methods that have been used in recent years (2020-2023) for the determination of drug residues in food so that appropriate methods and accurate results can be used. The results show that chromatography is still a widely used technique for the determination of drug residue in food. Other approaches have been developed including immunoassay, biosensors, electrophoresis and molecular-based methods. This review provides a new development method that has been used to control veterinary drug residue limit in food.

Veterinary drug residues in food are substances (>200 compounds) exhibiting potential health risks for consumers, thus being regulated in national legislations and the Codex Alimentarius. Most of the compounds are regulated based upon a maximum residue limit (MRL) while a few of them are banned in food for humans. The food sector needs a reliable and consensus analytical platform able to monitor these substances in a wide range of food commodities. Several confirmatory methods based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are available in the literature for either screening or quantification of veterinary drug residues in food, but usually applicable to limited scope of matrices. The current work describes the single-laboratory validation (SLV) of a method for screening 154 veterinary drug residues in several food categories. This work describes a streamlined platform making use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for screening 105 antibiotics, 41 antiparasitics, 5anti-inflammatory agents, and 3 tranquilizers in foods of animal origin. For the best performance across the commodities (dairy-, meat-, fish-, and egg-based materials), four method streams were established. As a screening tool, probabilities of detection (PODs) were assessed at the screening target concentration (STC < MRL) and the blank. The SLV led to PODs at the STC >94% and PODs in the blank < 4%. Performance is in agreement with the acceptance criteria defined in SMPR 2018.010. The Expert Review Panel approved the present method as AOAC Official First Action 2020.04.

5 - Detecting veterinary drug residues in feed and cattle

EFSA's assistance for the 2015 Codex Committee on Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Food (CCRVDF) in relation to rBST

The objective of this review paper was to investigate the public health significance of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin. Data were collected by means of the search engine and all relevant journals published between 2019 and 2022 and stocked under Google Scholar were retrieved for analysis. The use of veterinary medications in animals that produce food has the potential to leave residues in animal-derived products (meat, milk, eggs and honey), which puts the consumer's health at risk. The inability to follow the withdrawal period and incorrect drug use are the most likely causes of drug residues. The development of antimicrobial drug resistance, hypersensitivity reaction, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity and alteration of intestine natural flora are the main public health implications of drug residue. The frequent application of tandem or high-resolution mass spectrometry along with liquid chromatography has greatly enhanced analytical methods for residue analysis. This advancement made it possible to quickly conduct targeted searches for hundreds of target compounds in complicated matrices like milk, eggs, honey, or meat and organs after slaughter. Reduction of antimicrobial drug resistance problem has been indicated as one of the most challenging issues related to food safety in the forthcoming years. There is little data available on the extent of veterinary drug residue globally. Therefore, a significant amount of work must be done to assess the scope of the issue, prevent the occurrence of veterinary drug residues and to familiarize animal health professionals with the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicological effects of veterinary drugs in order to reduce the potential public health risk posed by drug residues in food derived from animals.

Determination of pesticides and veterinary drug residues in food by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: A review

ABSTRACTRegulatory agencies and government authorities have established maximum residue limits (MRL) in various food matrices of animal origin for supporting governments and food operators in the monitoring of veterinary drug residues in the food chain, and ultimately in the consumer’s plate. Today, about 200 veterinary drug residues from several families, mainly with antibiotic, antiparasitic or antiinflammatory activities, are regulated in a variety of food matrices such as milk, meat or egg. This article provides a review of the regulatory framework in milk and muscle including data from Codex Alimentarius, Europe, the U.S.A., Canada and China for about 220 veterinary drugs. The article also provides a comprehensive overview of the challenge for food control, and emphasizes the pivotal role of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), either in tandem with quadrupoles (LC-MS/MS) or high resolution MS (LC-HRMS), for ensuring an adequate consumer protection combined with an affordable cost. The capability of a streamlined LC-MS/MS platform for screening 152 veterinary drug residues in a broad range of raw materials and finished products is highlighted in a production line perspective. The rationale for a suite of four methods intended to achieve appropriate performance in terms of scope and sensitivity is presented. Overall, the platform encompasses one stream for the determination of 105 compounds in a run (based on acidic QuEChERS-like), plus two streams for 23 β-lactams (alkaline QuEChERS-like) and 10 tetracyclines (low-temperature partitioning), respectively, and a dedicated stream for 14 aminoglycosides (molecularly-imprinted polymer).

Food / NahrungVolume 38, Issue 2 p. 229-229 Rezensionen Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food. Fortieth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series 832. World Health Organization, Geneva 1993. Preis: 10,— Sw. fr.-; 9,— US $ M. Kujawa, M. KujawaSearch for more papers by this author M. Kujawa, M. KujawaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1994 https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19940380234Citations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume38, Issue21994Pages 229-229 RelatedInformation

A novel type of enzyme-antibody conjugation using mesoporous silicon nanospheres (MSN) was developed, which amplified the labeling signal and highly increased the sensitivity of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of pesticide and veterinary drug residues in food. First, conjugates were prepared through layer-by-layer immobilization of an enzyme and an antibody on an MSN scaffold. Then the MSN scaffold was employed for labeling and signal amplification to develop a sensitive colorimetric immunoassay through the catalytic oxidation reaction of 5,50-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). When this MSN-based ELISA was applied to detect chloramphenicol, avermectin, tetracycline and streptomycin in food samples, it provided linear ranges of 0.025 ng ml-1-25 ng ml-1, 0.05 ng ml-1-10 ng ml-1, 0.025 ng ml-1-10 ng ml-1 and 0.05 ng ml-1-25 ng ml-1, respectively, with low detection limits down to 0.011 ng mL-1, 0.134 ng mL-1, 0.015 ng ml-1 and 0.106 ng ml-1, respectively. For avermectin, it provided a 16.7-fold decrease of the limit of detection in contrast to that of standard ELISA without the loss of method specificity and accuracy. This novel immunoassay was hypersensitive, simple and easy-to-use, which made it high potential in applying for the accurate analysis of harmful substances in food.

Analysis for identification and quantification of regulated veterinary drug residues in foods is usually achieved by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The instrumental method requires the selection of characteristic ions, but structural elucidation is seldom performed to help ensure accuracy. This study is a continuation of previous work to characterize selected product ions in support of regulatory monitoring programs. The tandem mass spectra of 28 veterinary drugs from a previously published LC/MS/MS method were acquired with a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. The TOF analyzer was calibrated to achieve a mass accuracy error <5 ppm for the MS and MS/MS modes, and samples were infused for data acquisition. The high mass accuracy achieved in Q-TOF allowed elucidation of the formulae of the product ions previously selected for qualitative identification. Rational interpretation of results was made and compared with the published literature, and the structure for the MS/MS product ions of four classes of regulated drugs (mectins, benzimidazoles, nitroimidazoles, and phenothiazines), totaling 28 compounds, were examined leading to the report of new structures or confirmation of published structures using low-resolution MS. Structural characterization of the product ions selected for identification and quantification of veterinary drug residues is important information for regulatory monitoring programs in defense of regulatory enforcement actions. This study has allowed structural elucidation of 84 MS/MS product ions previously selected for the LC/MS/MS analysis of 28 drug analytes.

Veterinary drug residues in foods and food products have been reported to be harmful for consumer health and must not be permitted in food intended for human consumption. These drugs include antibiotics, anthelmintics, beta-receptor agonists, and steroids. Immunoassay is recognized as the most powerful screening technique for a large number of different compounds. Because of the rapidity, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness of this method, numerous immunoassays have already been developed for screening purposes to reduce sample loading for conventional analysis. In this review, the principles and an overview of advanced immunoassays for various veterinary drugs will be given.