Abstract
Plants lack a circulating adaptive immune system to protect themselves against pathogens. Therefore, they have evolved an innate immune system based upon complicated and efficient defense mechanisms, either constitutive or inducible. Plant defense responses are triggered by elicitors such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). These components are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which include plant cell surface receptors. Upon recognition, PRRs trigger pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Ethylene Inducing Xylanase (EIX) is a fungal MAMP protein from the plant-growth-promoting fungi (PGPF)–Trichoderma. It elicits plant defense responses in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), making it an excellent tool in the studies of plant immunity. Xylanases such as EIX are hydrolytic enzymes that act on xylan in hemicellulose. There are two types of xylanases: the endo-1, 4-β-xylanases that hydrolyze within the xylan structure, and the β-d-xylosidases that hydrolyze the ends of the xylan chain. Xylanases are mainly synthesized by fungi and bacteria. Filamentous fungi produce xylanases in high amounts and secrete them in liquid cultures, making them an ideal system for xylanase purification. Here, we describe a method for cost- and yield-effective xylanase production from Trichoderma using wheat bran as a growth substrate. Xylanase produced by this method possessed xylanase activity and immunogenic activity, effectively inducing a hypersensitive response, ethylene biosynthesis, and ROS burst.
Highlights
Plants are sessile and cannot escape environmental stressors or pathogens
Several works suggest that submerged fermentation (SmF) is the preferred strategy for xylanase production suggest that SmF is the for xylanase xylanase is production fromSeveral bacteriaworks and fungi
Xylanase was produced under SmF using wheat bran through
Summary
In order to cope with environmental stress conditions (both biotic and abiotic), plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms for sensing different stresses and adapting to them by rapid, dynamic, and complex physiological changes. Plants have developed an immune system that is not acquired but innate for protection against pathogens. The innate immune system in plants is based on complex and effective defense mechanisms [1]. Plant defense responses are triggered by elicitors such as microorganism associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). MAMP molecules have been isolated from a wide variety of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms [6]. These components are recognized by sensory pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The PRR components activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) [7].
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