Abstract
Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) has often been used to quantify fatty acids in fish. This study validated the common method for determining omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) in the raw and cooked warm-water fish, selayang, using GC-FID for subsequent evaluation on EPA and DHA retention using the Weibull model. The EPA and DHA were separated using a high-polarity capillary GC HP-88 column (60 m length, 0.25 mm ID, 0.2 μm DF) with a total run time of 45.87 min. The method was validated in linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity and sensitivity based on ICH requirements. In addition, it was found that the method had a high recovery rate (>95%) and good precision (RSD ≤ 2%) with overall RSDs ranging below 0.001% for both omega-3 PUFA. In conclusion, this method identified and quantified fatty acids and omega-3 accurately and precisely and can be used effectively for routine FAME analysis in fish samples.
Highlights
The non-standard method is either the in-house method or the method based on research publications and application notes from equipment manufacturers [24]
Several techniques are being used for the fat extractions in the samples, such as liquid-liquid extractions and Soxhlet extraction
The environment and exposure to hazardous chemicals, the filtration step of homogenate was substituted with centrifugation, which shortens the separation time of the organic and aqueous layers to
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Fatty acids (FA) are essential components of the human body as the energy source vital for healthy metabolism, acting as significant cell membranes and precursors of eicosanoid hormones [1,2]. The long-chain FA, namely omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are the two most vital FA due to their multiple biological roles, such as reducing oxidative stress and cardiovascular protection. The beneficial effects of longchain PUFA consumption are related to positive effects on human health in maintaining health and reducing disease risk [3]. The critical roles of PUFA in preventing diseases may be a great tool that helps decrease the prevalence of chronic diseases worldwide
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