Abstract
High susceptibility to cold cracking induced by diffusible hydrogen and hydrogen embrittlement are major obstacles to greater utilization of underwater wet welding for high-strength steels. The aim of the research was to develop gas–slag systems for flux-cored wires that have high metallurgical activity in removal of hydrogen and hydroxyl groups. Thermodynamic modeling and experimental research confirmed that a decrease in the concentration of diffusible hydrogen can be achieved by reducing the partial pressure of hydrogen and water vapor in the vapor–gas bubble and by increasing the hydroxyl capacity of the slag system in metallurgical reactions leading to hydrogen fluoride formation and ionic dissolution of hydroxyl groups in the basic fluorine-containing slag of a TiO2–CaF2–Na3AlF6 system.
Highlights
Underwater wet welding is a welding technique commonly used for the construction and repair of ocean-going vessels, oil and gas platforms, and offshore wind turbines
A further issue is that underwater wet welding is susceptible to weld defects like hydrogen-assisted cold cracking, porosity, slag inclusions, and delayed hydrogen embrittlement [5,6,7,8,9,10]
The welding occurs in a vapor–gas bubble [12,13,14] in which the hydrogen content reaches 85–96% [15]
Summary
Underwater wet welding is a welding technique commonly used for the construction and repair of ocean-going vessels, oil and gas platforms, and offshore wind turbines. A further issue is that underwater wet welding is susceptible to weld defects like hydrogen-assisted cold cracking, porosity, slag inclusions, and delayed hydrogen embrittlement [5,6,7,8,9,10]. The appearance of defects during underwater welding is associated with the formation of diffusible hydrogen, active oxygen, and slag in the welding zone [11]. The welding occurs in a vapor–gas bubble [12,13,14] in which the hydrogen content reaches 85–96% [15]
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