Abstract
Cancer is a complex, multifaceted disease influenced by genetic predispositions, lifestyle factors such as nutrition, exercise, and toxin exposure, as well as environmental conditions. A key element in cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic response is the tumor microenvironment (TME). Within the TME, immune cells like T cells, B cells, and immunoglobulins have a profound and direct impact on the growth and spread of tumor cells. As a result, effective regulation of the TME has become crucial for successful cancer treatment. Metal nanoparticles (MNPs), ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers, have shown great potential as agents for modulating the TME, delivering drugs, and improving cancer diagnostics. This discussion explores both the internal and external components of the TME, focusing on how MNPs influence the microenvironment. We highlight their targeting mechanisms and interactions with immune responses and tumor-associated inflammation. Due to their unique properties, MNPs offer distinct advantages in cancer therapy, and their range of applications continues to expand. This review underscores the potential of MNPs as a promising material in the future of cancer treatment.
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