Abstract
The oral cavity harbors complex microbial communities, which leads to biomaterial-associated infections (BAI) during dental and orthopedic treatments. Conventional antibiotic treatments have met great challenges recently due to the increasing emergency of drug-resistant bacteria. To tackle this clinical issue, antibacterial surface treatments, containing surface modification and coatings, of dental and orthopedic materials have become an area of intensive interest now. Among various antibacterial agents used in surface treatments, metallic agents possess unique properties, mainly including broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, low potential to develop bacterial resistance, relative biocompatibility, and chemical stability. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on underlying antibacterial applications and the mechanisms of metallic agents in dentistry and orthopedics. An overview of the present review indicates that much work remains to be done to deepen the understanding of antibacterial mechanisms and potential side-effects of metallic agents.
Highlights
The oral cavity, containing distinct microenvironments, hosts diverse microbial species including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and viruses
Due to their excellent broad-spectrum and lasting antibacterial effects, as well as relative biocompatibility with the host, much attention has been paid to antibacterial application and mechanisms of metallic agents in the field of dental and orthopedic material surface treatments
The present review focuses on antibacterial metallic agents used in dentistry
Summary
The oral cavity, containing distinct microenvironments, hosts diverse microbial species including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Implementing surface treatments mainly relies on various antibacterial agents, such as antibiotics [13], non-antibiotic organic antimicrobial agents [14,15], and inorganic antimicrobial agents (e.g., metals and alloys) [11] to achieve bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects. As inorganic substances, metallic agents show chemical stability and protracted action, which are different from traditional organic agents [17]. Due to their excellent broad-spectrum and lasting antibacterial effects, as well as relative biocompatibility with the host, much attention has been paid to antibacterial application and mechanisms of metallic agents in the field of dental and orthopedic material surface treatments. An appraisal of the possible antibacterial mechanisms, antimicrobial assay, biocompatibility, and potential application of these metallic agents is given, along with detailed examples drawn from the literature
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