Metal Sorption, Solid Phase Extraction and Preconcentration Properties of Two Silica Gel Phases Chemically Modified with 2-Hydroxy-1-Naphthaldehyde

Abstract

Active silica gel phase (I) was chemically modified to the corresponding amino- (≡SiNH2) and chloro- (≡SiCl) derivatives via silylation reactions. These were used to synthesize two newly modified silica gel phases (II, III) by direct chemical reaction with 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde (2-HNA). The surface coverage values are 370, 432 µmol g−1 and 320, 355 µmol g−1 for (II) and (III), on the basis of thermal desorption and metal probe testing method, respectively. The metal sorption properties of silica gel phases (II, III) were studied and compared with active silica gel phase (I). The maximum determined metal capacity values were found to be 10–110, 20–290 and 20–370 µmol g−1 for phases I, II and III, respectively. The distribution coefficient values (Kd) were also determined for a series of metal ions, and the results showed that the two new chemically modified phases (II and III) were highly selective for Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+. The potential applications of silica gel phases (II, III) as solid phase extractors for the same five metal ions spiked in drinking tap water (∼1.000 µg mL−1) were found to give percentage recovery values in the range of 90.2–96.3±4.1–6.3%, while pre-concentration of the same five metal ions spiked in drinking tap water (∼50.0 ng mL−1) was successfully accomplished with a percentage recovery range of 92.6–95.8±4.8–5.7%.