Metal–insulator transitions in epitaxial Gd1−Sr TiO3 thin films grown using hybrid molecular beam epitaxy

Abstract

Abstract Growth of epitaxial Gd 1 − x Sr x TiO 3 thin films using hybrid molecular beam epitaxy and stability of thin films in oxygen rich atmospheres at elevated temperatures are investigated. Only Sr-rich films with x > 0.95 were stable at such conditions. GdTiO 3 is a ferrimagnetic Mott insulator while SrTiO 3 is a diamagnetic band insulator. The metal–insulator transition occurs by electron doping of SrTiO 3 (Gd-doped SrTiO 3 ) or hole doping of GdTiO 3 (Sr-doped GdTiO 3 ). The latter is investigated in more detail. It is shown that the insulating state, even in undoped GdTiO 3 , is dominated by small polaron hopping, which transitions to metallic, Fermi-liquid-type conduction with large amounts of Sr alloying. The metal–insulator transition is also accompanied by transition from n -type to p -type conduction. Furthermore, ferrimagnetism persists into the metallic phase. The results show that the insulating phase is stabilized even for large amounts of Sr doping by polaron formation, and that the transition to the metallic phase occurs via a continuous first order transition and a two phase region.