Metal-based compounds: Synthesis and characterization of new thiazole-based iridium and palladium complexes with potential anticancer and other biological activities

Abstract

Thiazoles and their derivatives are one of the most active classes of compounds known for their wide spectrum of bioactivity. Metal complexes, based on them, show antitumor potential that is attractive for investigations. Herein, we report 6 new biologically active thiazole-based complexes have been synthesized. The iridium- and palladium-based coordination compounds obtained by the precipitation method were characterized using elemental analysis (EA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), magnetic measurements, thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (TGA-MS), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Spectroscopic data helped to propose the formulas of the complexes and indicated that all ligands acted in a monodentate manner. Water molecules were identified by thermal analysis and FTIR spectroscopy. Mathematical analysis and evaluation of thermodynamic parameters including entropy (ΔS), Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and activation energy (E) were performed using the Coats–Redfern method for all complexes. The biological potential (anticancer, antibacterial, and antifungal properties) of compounds was analyzed by biological evaluation studies. Investigated CT-DNA studies revealed that the prepared compounds were intercalatively bound to the DNA. Cytotoxicity analyses showed that complexation with Ir(III) increased the toxicity of L2 towards both tested cell lines (LN-229 and MDA-MB-231), while complexation of L3 with Pd(II) significantly increased cytotoxic activity against LN-229. Due to this, the further biological studies, such as apoptosis/necrosis detection, cell cycle analysis and JC-1 fluorescence measurements were performed on this pair of compounds.